Salmonella
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Most NTS infections are self-limiting and do not require antimicrobial treatment,82 but in some severe cases, fluids and electrolyte replacement may be recommended for nontyphoidal salmonellosis. However, antimicrobials may be recommended in patients at high risk of invasive NTS infections.23 Treatment for invasive NTS infections and severe diarrhea in immunocompromised patients often involves the use of fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin,83 while antimicrobial drug therapy for treatment of typhoid fever includes fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and third-generation cephalosporins.39 The WHO recommended the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever to include ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and co-trimoxazole.84
Therapeutic effectiveness
Dinesh Kumar Jain in Homeopathy, 2022
“As warts often disappear spontaneously, at any treatment which is in use that time will gain an undeserved reputation as a wart cure” (Rains & Ritchie, 1977, p. 101). “Proctitis is an inflammation of the rectal mucosa characterized by loss of blood in motions, often the complaint is one of diarrhoea, fortunately the condition is self limiting” (Rains & Ritchie, 1977, p. 1073). Most viral infections are self-limiting. Typhoid fever is also cured spontaneously when treatment is not given.The clinical manifestations and duration of illness vary markedly from one patient to another. Mild form of disease characterized primarily by fever may last only for a week or illness may be prolonged lasting 8 weeks or more if untreated. In a typical patient, not treated with antimicrobials, the illness lasts for about 4 weeks.(Guerrant & Hook, 1983, p. 959)
An Overview of Microbes Pathogenic for Humans
Nancy Khardori in Bench to Bedside, 2018
Salmonella is a very well-known pathogen with many species. While there are different ways to classify them, for the purpose of this discussion, it would be best to discuss them from the perspective of their associated infections. First are the species that cause typhoid (enteric) fever. Members of this genus that are responsible for typhoid fever, include S. typhi and S. paratyphi. Typhoid fever causes a severe systemic infection and is almost always spread by contact with an infected person. It has become uncommon in the United States; however, it is still a concern when traveling to endemic areas. An effective vaccine is indicated when traveling to such areas. The second group comprises the broader nontyphoidal members of this genus, which include S. enteriditis. These are responsible for gastrointestinal illnesses, which are commonly associated with foodborne outbreaks. Common culprits are ingestion of undercooked meat or poultry products, as well as contaminated foods. Handwashing is very important in preventing infections with Salmonella species; additionally, individuals with an active infection should not prepare food for others.
Pneumonia with pleural empyema caused by Salmonella Typhi in an immunocompetent child living in a non-endemic country
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Gwénaëlle Duhil de Bénazé, Emilie Desselas, Véronique Houdouin, Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian, Ahmed Kheniche, Stéphane Dauger, Géraldine Poncelet, Jean Gaschignard, Michaël Levy
Salmonella are Gram-negative bacilli of the enterobacteriaceae family. Salmonella infections are a major cause of gastroenteritis throughout the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) [1–3]. Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi are the two bacteria responsible for typhoid fever. Typical symptoms of typhoid fever include high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, headache, splenomegaly and leucopenia [1,3]. Complications of S. Typhi can involve the gastro-intestinal tract (intestinal haemorrhage, perforation), the nervous system (encephalopathy, brain abscess), the bones and joints (osteomyelitis, pyogenic arthritis), the kidneys and the heart (myocarditis). Primary thoracic empyema owing to S. Typhi is rare and patients with complications of salmonella infections usually have underlying medical conditions [1].
Sigmoid volvulus: a rare but unique complication of enteric fever
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Muhammad Sohaib Asghar, Abubakar Tauseef, Hiba Shariq, Maryam Zafar, Rumael Jawed, Uzma Rasheed, Mustafa Dawood, Haris Alvi, Saad Aslam, Marium Tauseef
In our case, it can be said that sigmoid volvulus was developed as a complication of Enteric fever, on a background of habitual constipation, as sigmoid volvulus is very uncommon at a young age. The complications of Typhoid fever usually include gastrointestinal manifestations such as diffuse abdominal pain, bleeding, cholecystitis, and cholangitis. The serious most complication is bowel perforation [13]. Recently, there is an outbreak of resistant Salmonella Typhi strain only sensitive to Azithromycin and Meropenem with higher rates of complications. A study was conducted by Agha Khan University Hospital in 2016, which showed an increasing emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi mainly in Hyderabad, Sindh [14]. This resistance is acquired by alteration in the genome sequence. Currently, it is important to control such an unknown outbreak of multiple drug-resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi as it is a serious issue in disease control and prevention.
Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Peter J O’Reilly, Dikshya Pant, Mila Shakya, Buddha Basnyat, Andrew J Pollard
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A, B and C (S. Paratyphi). Collectively termed enteric fever, they are predominant in low resource settings and cause clinically indistinguishable symptoms of fever, flu-like symptoms with chills, dull frontal headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, and abdominal discomfort, and in severe cases intestinal perforation and neurological complications. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis, but has limited sensitivity [1]. The mainstay of treatment is antibiotic therapy and is usually prescribed empirically but with increasing antimicrobial resistance and a limited pool of treatment options, effective treatment is becoming increasingly challenging [2]. Vaccination can be an effective measure to prevent disease, coupled with ongoing efforts to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended programmatic use of typhoid vaccines in 2008, but due to lack of funding to support vaccination, this was not implemented at country level [3]. The importance of vaccination as a preventive measure has regained attention with increasing antimicrobial resistance. More recently, in 2018, the WHO has recommended the use of the new generation of typhoid conjugate vaccines [4].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Abdominal Pain
- Constipation
- Fever
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Salmonella
- Serotype
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Rose Spots
- Paratyphoid Fever