Trichomoniasis
Shiv Shanker Pareek in The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection of the vagina and urethra in females, and the urethra and, rarely, the prostate gland in males. Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. The causative organism, Trichomonas vaginalis , was first recorded in the literature in 1836 by Alfred Donne, and given its present taxonomic name by Ehrenberg. Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic parasite. In females, the parasite adheres to the vaginal wall and produces tendrils that penetrate the vaginal tissue, where it may remain for two years or more. Symptoms are often different in males and females, with many cases remaining asymptomatic for several months, particularly in males. Males are generally asymptomatic and are therefore carriers who pass the infection on to their sexual partners. The patient and partner should abstain from sexual intercourse until both are free of infection. Full STI screening is advisable to detect any co-infection such as HIV or Neisseria gonorrhoeae .
Safer sex
Dominic Upton in Student Nurse Health Promotion Survival Guide, 2014
This chapter explains the use of psychological theory within a nursing framework to guide them how to assess lifestyle behaviours of patients with Safer sex in day-to-day clinical practice. Safer sex practices go beyond just the use of condoms. By knowing about and practising safer sex, the risks of getting a sexually transmitted infection can be significantly reduced. Sexually transmitted infection symptoms such as, Chlamydia, Genital warts, Genital herpes, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Thrush, and HIV. Safer sex refers to those sexual activities that do not involve the exchange of bodily fluids semen, pre-ejaculation fluid, vaginal fluid and blood between one person and another. Use of condoms during penetrative sex for vaginal and anal intercourse, latex condoms should be used with water-based lubricants. Perceived barrier and proposed intervention strategy such as, Decreases sexual pleasure or sensation, Decreases spontaneity of sexual activity, Embarrassing, juvenile, 'Unmanly' and Fear of breakage may lead to less vigorous sexual activity.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2015
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis. It is in the class Parabasalia, within the Excavata lineage. It is one of two members of the Trichomonas genus that infects humans and the only one that is unambiguously pathogenic. The life cycle includes only a trophozoite stage ( Figure 1 ). Asexual reproduction is via binary fission. A central rod called the axostyle is thought to function in attachment to epithelial cells.
Controlled delivery of the antiprotozoal agent (tinidazole) from intravaginal polymer matrices for treatment of the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Hevanshi Vidhushika Fernando, Li Li Chan, Nhung Dang, Diviya Santhanes, Hasini Banneheke, Sivalingam Nalliah, Allan G. A. Coombes
Microporous polymeric matrices prepared from poly(ɛ-caprolactone) [PCL] were evaluated for controlled vaginal delivery of the antiprotozoal agent (tinidazole) in the treatment of the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. The matrices were produced by rapidly cooling co-solutions of PCL and tinidazole in acetone to −80 °C to induce crystallisation and hardening of the polymer. Tinidazole incorporation in the matrices increased from 1.4 to 3.9% (w/w), when the drug concentration in the starting PCL solution was raised from 10 to 20% (w/w), giving rise to drug loading efficiencies up to 20%. Rapid ‘burst release’ of 30% of the tinidazole content was recorded over 24 h when the PCL matrices were immersed in simulated vaginal fluid. Gradual drug release occurred over the next 6 days resulting in delivery of around 50% of the tinidazole load by day 7 with the released drug retaining antiprotozoal activity at levels almost 50% that of the ‘non-formulated’ drug in solution form. Basic modelling predicted that the concentration of tinidazole released into vaginal fluid in vivo from a PCL matrix in the form of an intravaginal ring would exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration against Trichomonas vaginalis. These findings recommend further investigation of PCL matrices as intravaginal devices for controlled delivery of antiprotozoal agents in the treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
Insights into trichomoniasis as a result of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics screening in a high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2013
Erik Munson, Maureen Napierala, Ronald F Schell
We briefly examine the clinical significance and pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis and provide a comprehensive summary of non-molecular and molecular diagnostics for the organism. Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) identifies more cases of trichomoniasis than other detection modalities. In our high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community, TMA has allowed us to investigate female and male trichomoniasis epidemiology. Distribution of the organism is community-wide and similar between Caucasian-majority geographical areas and African–American-majority locales. First-void urine provides an excellent means for laboratory diagnosis of T. vaginalis in both genders. While trichomoniasis affects older age demographics, urine screening in younger females demonstrates elevated T. vaginalis prevalence. These data promote widespread adoption of TMA for diagnosis of T. vaginalis and further epidemiological assessments. Since trichomoniasis is the most-prevalent non-viral etiology of sexually transmitted infection worldwide, utilization of TMA would enhance accurate treatment with oral nitroimidazole agents that have cure rates of 90–100%.
Gender-based violence and HIV risk among African American women: A qualitative study
Published in Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 2016
Rachael Wendlandt, Laura F. Salazar, Alejandra Mijares, Nicole Pitts
Women who experience gender-based violence (GBV) are at increased risk for HIV. To better understand causal mechanisms, qualitative interviews were conducted with 48 African American women, who reported recent GBV and who were recruited from areas in Atlanta, GA, deemed high risk for HIV infection. Women were tested for Chlamydia (9.4%), gonorrhea (7.5%), and trichomoniasis (28.3%). Key themes were history of abuse, stereotypical gender roles, concurrency, and social support. HIV prevention programs need to address societ al, cultural, and relational influences that play a role in men perpetrating GBV while also addressing risk and protective factors for women to engage in safer sex.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Urethra
- Vagina
- Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Vaginitis
- Protozoan Infections
- Sexually Transmitted Disease
- Urogenital