Surveillance challenges in resource-limited settings
David L. Blazes, Sheri H. Lewis in Disease Surveillance, 2016
As described previously, sentinel surveillance systems are used when high-quality data are needed about a particular disease but cannot be obtained through a passive reporting system. Whereas passive systems usually received data from a large number of health facilities, a sentinel system involves only a limited number of carefully selected reporting sites (WHO 2014), usually with the aim of being representative of the larger population or in areas where there is high prevalence or incidence of a specific disease. Sentinel surveillance often focuses on high-frequency diseases (e.g., seasonal flu), occupationally exposed individuals, and high-risk key populations (e.g., sex workers, military) in order to signal trends and monitor the burden of disease in these communities, which often serve as precursors to disease trends in the general population.
Infectious Disease Data from Surveillance, Outbreak Investigation, and Epidemiological Studies
Leonhard Held, Niel Hens, Philip O’Neill, Jacco Wallinga in Handbook of Infectious Disease Data Analysis, 2019
Sentinel surveillance. For infectious diseases which are common and which do not require a public health response for every case (such as influenza), reporting of all cases in a country usually is not necessary for public health decision making. In these situations it may be more efficient to establish a sentinel surveillance system where only a selection of health service providers or laboratories report cases. Having only a subset of health service providers or laboratories involved in reporting can make it feasible to improve the quality of data through training of data providers and to enhance the data by collecting additional information or laboratory testing of cases, as outlined earlier. An example of sentinel surveillance established by many countries is the GP sentinel influenza surveillance, where GPs report patients consulting with acute ILI and take a respiratory swab from a sample of patients to test in a laboratory for influenza. This type of surveillance has proved invaluable to monitor the intensity of influenza transmission, the dominant circulating strains, and to act as a platform for vaccine effectiveness studies to measure the performance of seasonal influenza vaccine and inform optimal selection of vaccine strains by the annual WHO Vaccine composition meeting.
International Aid and the Formation of Successful Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention Programs (CKDPP)
Meguid El Nahas in Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
The WHO recognizes the difficulty to achieve ideal circumstances and therefore advises those in the developing world to follow a more practical approach. Therefore, one’s approach should be modified according to one’s capacity. Dr. Ruth Bonita, Director, NCD Surveillance Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health of the WHO, outlines the methods for achieving this (12). She highlights the need to develop a hierarchical framework to unify surveillance and prevention program activities, explaining that these should be flexible across a range of risks, conditions, ages, and areas. The program or research organizer is encouraged to develop standard methods and tools, which are adaptable to local settings. One needs to start with common core methods, tools, and treatments and then develop expanded and optional extras if possible or if resources arise. So if the only method available is lifestyle modification, then this is where one should start and not be discouraged to start from there. So the aim is to develop basic sentinel surveillance and treatment sites and then to add on to existing systems. One should remember the basic guiding principles on keeping it simple (Fig. 4).
How would China achieve WHO’s target of eliminating HCV by 2030?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Mingyang Li, Hui Zhuang, Lai Wei
In February 2017, the number of people living with HIV infection in China reached 680,791 and is still increasing [65]. Based on a prevalence rate of 13% (midpoint of 8% and 18% [20,21]), the number of Chinese HIV patients co-infected with HCV is estimated to be 88,500. In China, the management of HIV/AIDS patients has remained a priority since 1996 [66]. The China Center for Disease Control and Prevention established a comprehensive HIV surveillance system comprised of a national HIV sentinel surveillance system (HSS) with 1,888 sentinel sites nationwide, an HIV/AIDS reporting system as well as specialized epidemiologic surveys [67]. As HSS facilitates more comprehensive, timely and efficient reporting of new HIV cases, HIV/HCV co-infected patients are easier to target for micro-elimination [68]. The potential success of micro-elimination strategies have been reported in other countries. In the Netherlands and Switzerland, with an increase in the uptake of DAAs in these patients, the percentage of new HCV infections reduced by 50% among HIV-positive MSMs [62,69,70].
Vietnamese female sex workers in rural cross-border areas of Guangxi, China: migration and HIV/STI risk behaviors
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Jun Yu, Eric J. Nehl, Van Phu Dinh, Bingyu Liang, Nguyen Van Son, Donghua Meng, Yi Zhang, Junjun Jiang, Jiegang Huang, Chuanyi Ning, Yanyan Liao, Hui Chen, Ning Zang, Rongfeng Chen, Deping Liu, Li Ye, Hao Liang
This study was carried out in Ningming county and Longzhou county, which have 13 and 12 townships, respectively. These are both agricultural and multi-ethnic counties, including not only the majority Han ethnicity, but also Zhuang, Miao, Hui, and Yao ethnic groups. Data for this study were obtained from China’s National HIV Sentinel Surveillance (NSS) collected annually (2009–2015) from April to July with the use of consecutive cross-sectional surveys and HIV/HCV testing. Data were collected across Ningming County and Longzhou County in southern Guangxi. FSWs work venues were sampled by cluster sampling. This study was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Guangxi Medical University (Ethical review No. 2013–130).
Targeted literature review of the burden of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia Coli among elderly patients in Asia Pacific regions
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Norio Ohmagari, Won Suk Choi, Hung-Jen Tang, Petar Atanasov, Xiaobin Jiang, Luis Hernandez Pastor, Yoshikazu Nakayama, Jason Chiang, Kyunghwa Lim, Maria Carmen Nievera
A structured search was conducted for English language articles published from January 1, 2010 to October 7, 2020 in Medline and Embase databases (viaEMBASE.com). Moreover, the following databases were also searched: Chinese language databases Wanfang and CNKI; the Korean databases Koreamed and kmbase; and the Japanese database Ichushi-Web. Furthermore, supplementary hand searching in Google Scholar was conducted, and review articles were thoroughly cross-referenced to identify additional relevant articles. Finally, databases and reports linked to sentinel surveillance systems for ExPEC and nosocomial infection in each of the regions were searched for data on the incidence of ExPEC infection in the target population.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Epidemiology
- Neisseria Meningitidis
- Zoonosis
- Streptococcus Pneumoniae
- Public Health
- Haemophilus Influenzae
- Covid-19