Nutrition and Immunity
R. J. Jarrett in Nutrition and Disease, 1979
The complexities of thymus lymphocyte function have made the results of animal experimentation hard to rationalise, and it must be remembered that the various T cell functions are performed by separate subpopulations of cells. Thus mice exposed for only two weeks at weaning to a reduced protein diet containing casein as 6 per cent of its total weight developed a permanent inability of their T lymphocytes, after sensitisation, to kill tumour cell targets. Similarly, severe atrophy of the thymus glands was produced in the litters of pregnant rats subjected to pyridoxine deficiency. Delayed hypersensitivity was tested in the skin of the offspring by sensitisation with dinitroçhlorobenzene (DNCB): the reaction was reduced, and the rejection time for skin allografts (i.e. grafts from genetically dissimilar members of the same species) was prolonged. Maternal deprivation of folic acid, B12, choline and methionine (lipotrophic factors) had the same effect. Even a slight deficiency of these substances in utero resulted in diminished T cell responses, as seen by decreased PHA stimulation of the cells. Resistance to infection with Salmonella typhimurium was also diminished.
Gastrointestinal system
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge in MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
6.22. Which of the following statements is/are true of gastroenteritis?'Lomotil' (diphenoxylate and atropine mixture) will reduce the duration of the illness.An infant under the age of 1 month should be admitted to hospital even though he may have mild symptoms.Lactose intolerance, if present, is likely to be transient.When due to Salmonella typhimurium it should be treated with amoxycillin or co-trimoxazole.Anti-emetics are not recommended for children under the age of 5 years.
Salmonella
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Serovars Salmonella Choleraesuis, Salmonella Dublin, and Salmonella Typhimurium can infect both human and animal hosts. However, each infection presents in a different way.32 Serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, and Sendai cause enteric fever in humans,31 while other serovars have retained a wide host preference and have the ability of infecting a range of animals causing enterocolitis.44 Serovar Typhi is restricted to humans, while serovar Choleraesuis causes septicemia in pigs,45 and serovar Typhimurium causes systemic illness similar to human typhoid in mice.31 However, perforation of the gut and necrosis of Peyer's patches in salmonellosis can cause death.46
Eyedrop vaccination: an immunization route with promises for effective responses to pandemics
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Jihei Sara Lee, Sangchul Yoon, Soo Jung Han, Eun-Do Kim, Jiyeon Kim, Hae-Sol Shin, Kyoung Yul Seo
Salmonella typhimurium is transmitted via consumption of contaminated food or water [81]. It has also been one of the main targets of mucosal vaccines because the point of entry for this pathogen is the mucosal surface of the gastrointenstinal tract. Oral vaccines have been previously developed but a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies on three oral vaccines has shown a protective efficacy of only 46% [82,83]. Vaccination against the pathogen in the form of eye drops has also been studied in murine models [13]. Four weeks after live attenuated S. typhimurium immunization via eye drops, sufficient elevation of antibody titer against LPS was found for both IgG and IgA in serum and mucosal secretions. The elevation was enough to protect mice from a lethal dose of virulent salmonella administered by the oral route; 100% of the challenged mice survived without any bodyweight loss. The elevation of S. typhimurium-specific antibodies was one of the first demonstrations of the effectiveness of eyedrop vaccination against a bacterial pathogen. However, eyedrop vaccines against S. typhimurium are yet to be tried in larger animal models.
Physiological and pathophysiological roles of hepoxilins and their analogs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2023
Sara A. Helal, Fadumo Ahmed Isse, Samar H. Gerges, Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
The intestinal infection with Salmonella typhimurium represents one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide (Poppe et al. 1998). Extensive PMN transmigration is observed in the intestinal lumen leading to the formation of intestinal crypt abscesses may finally cause loss of barrier function (McGovern and Slavutin 1979). In an in vivo model of salmonellosis, it was confirmed that the disruption of the 12-LOX pathway (essential for HxA3 production) could reduce PMN-mediated tissue trauma (McCormick 2007). HxA3 draws neutrophils from the submucosa across the epithelia to the luminal site of inflammation via the reorganization of Ca2+ within PMNs from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria and the establishment of a PMN gradient (Table 1) (Patel and McCormick 2014). HxA3 appears to exhibit its in vivo effect at low concentrations (30–40 nM), and it seems to be produced continuously during the active phase of infection (Mrsny et al. 2004).
Reverse engineering approach: a step towards a new era of vaccinology with special reference to Salmonella
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Shania Vij, Reena Thakur, Praveen Rishi
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica contains more than 2,500 serovars of which Typhi, Paratyphi A, B, and C, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis are of major clinical relevance to humans [1]. Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi, typhoidal serovars) are human-restricted serovars that cause typhoid and paratyphoid fever, respectively; whereas Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, referred to as non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars, NTS) have a broad host range and predominantly cause gastroenteritis in humans [2]. Typhoid fever has always been a cause of concern, but in the last 20 years, a significant rise in the number of paratyphoid fever cases has been reported, mainly from the Asian continent, thus indicating the silently emerging threat of paratyphoid-causing serovars also. The use of vaccines specifically against S. Typhi and none against Paratyphi strains has led to the natural selection of the latter, which is one of the main reasons behind the escalating cases of paratyphoid fever [3,4]. In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in 29,200 deaths of which most were due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C, indicating the predominant prevalence of S. Paratyphi A [5]. In contrast to
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