Communicable diseases
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter in Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
There are some 2200 Salmonella serotypes that can cause human illness. In the United Kingdom, the reported occurrence of Salmonella food-borne infections increased sharply in the 1980s but began to fall from 2000 onwards, stabilizing around 2005. One of the principal Salmonella organisms associated with illness in Britain is Salmonella enteritidis. Illnesses due to this one organism showed a very large increase in Britain in the mid-1980s. Illnesses caused by Salmonella organisms in food vary in severity but can be fatal, particularly in the elderly or the very young. Foodstuffs commonly implicated in outbreaks of Salmonella infection include undercooked poultry, eggs (particularly dishes prepared with raw eggs), milk and milk products.
F
Anton Sebastian in A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Food Poisoning Ailments caused by agents transmitted by food or drink. Ancient Egyptians were forbidden to eat pork, because it caused disease. Food poisoning is mentioned in the works of Hippocrates (460–377 BC), and the Roman poets, Horace (65–8 BC) and Ovid (43 BC–AD17). Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) studied the effects of decomposed proteins eaten by animals. The effect of putrid food on animals was also studied by Marie H.B. Gaspard (1822), François Magendie (1823) and Peter Ludwig Panum (1820–1885). A poisonous substance was noted in decaying fish by Burrows in 1814, and was found to be from alkaloids by Francesco Selmi, who named them ptomaines in 1872. Italian chemist, Nencki, isolated ptomaines in 1876. Otto Bollinger (1843–1909) stressed the importance of meat poisoning, which he called ‘sepsis intestinalis’ in 1877. The first investigation into the etiology of meat poisoning was made by Johne during an outbreak at Lauterbach in 1884, and a bacillus similar to anthrax was isolated as the cause. An important landmark in bacterial food poisoning was the discovery of Bacillus enteritidis as a cause of meat poisoning by August Gaertner (1848–1934), during an outbreak at Frankenhausen in 1888. This organism was renamed Salmonella enteritidis. In 1939 food poisoning became a notifiable disease in Britain under section 17 of the Food and Drugs Act. See salmonellosis, typhoid bacillus, staphylococcal food poisoning, botulism.
Salmonella
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The burden of typhoid fever is relatively high in developing countries with high morbidity and mortality rates compared to the developed world. The burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is high globally. Humans are the only known reservoirs of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi, which are transmitted through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the waste of an infected individual.17 The reported existing estimate of the global burden of typhoid fever is 22 million and 200,000 deaths worldwide in year 2000.18 The incidence and mortality rate of enteric fever vary from country to country; however, mortality can be as high as 7% despite treatment with antibiotics.19 Accurate figures of incidence in developing countries are difficult to obtain because facilities for proper investigation are not readily available. Developing countries tend to serve as points of dissemination of the organism to other parts of the developed countries that have low records of Salmonella Typhi infection incidence. In the United States and some European countries, most reported incidences have been linked to travel, with the disease being imported by foreigners or travelers returning from Africa, India, or Pakistan. In endemic regions, enteric fever occurs more frequently in infants and preschool and school-aged children. There are an estimated 93.8 million cases of infection and 155,000 deaths annually attributed to nontyphoidal Salmonella. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium account for nearly 80% of all global human cases reported, of which Salmonella Typhimurium is the most commonly isolated serovar globally.4,20,21 In Africa, nontyphoidal infections appear to be endemic, being one of the major causes of bacteremia, mostly in children, with 4100 deaths per year. This could be attributed to poor sanitary environment and low standard of living.5 In the United States, a 2010 outbreak reported by the CDC was linked to eggs contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis.15 Some common factors associated with Salmonella outbreaks include incomplete cooking of food products, improper storage, and direct contact with raw ingredients.22
Reverse engineering approach: a step towards a new era of vaccinology with special reference to Salmonella
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Shania Vij, Reena Thakur, Praveen Rishi
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica contains more than 2,500 serovars of which Typhi, Paratyphi A, B, and C, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis are of major clinical relevance to humans [1]. Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi, typhoidal serovars) are human-restricted serovars that cause typhoid and paratyphoid fever, respectively; whereas Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, referred to as non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars, NTS) have a broad host range and predominantly cause gastroenteritis in humans [2]. Typhoid fever has always been a cause of concern, but in the last 20 years, a significant rise in the number of paratyphoid fever cases has been reported, mainly from the Asian continent, thus indicating the silently emerging threat of paratyphoid-causing serovars also. The use of vaccines specifically against S. Typhi and none against Paratyphi strains has led to the natural selection of the latter, which is one of the main reasons behind the escalating cases of paratyphoid fever [3,4]. In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in 29,200 deaths of which most were due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C, indicating the predominant prevalence of S. Paratyphi A [5]. In contrast to
What are the immunopharmacological effects of furazolidone? A systematic review
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Ivan Brito Feitosa, Bruno Mori, Ana Paula de Azevedo dos Santos, Janaína Cecília Oliveira Villanova, Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles, Allyson Guimarães Costa
In addition, treatment with FZD potentiated the bactericidal effect and phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages extracted from Leghorn chickens that were exposed to Salmonella enteritidis strains. The authors observed that exposure of strains of S. enteritidis to subinhibitory concentrations of FZD increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis with macrophages, which suggested an increase in the oxidative metabolism of macrophages resulting in the activation of phagocytosis in these cells [10]. In view of the data, and associating this with the immunological mechanisms that are triggered by the increase in the oxidative metabolism of macrophages, mainly of M1 macrophages, the following question arises: Can FZD influence the modulation of auxiliary lymphocytes (CD4+) for the Th1 profile and M1 macrophages during infection by phagocytic pathogens? It is important to note that in the experimental work with Salmonella enteritidis by Chadfiled & Hilton (2004), it is cited as being a species of optional flagellated gram-negative intracellular bacteria [21]. As is already known, the mediation of intracellular immune responses by phagocyte pathogens is performed by CD4 + cells, while intracellular responses by pathogens that cause infection in the cell’s cytosol, such as viruses, are mediated by CD8 + [22].
Effect of sub-lethal chemical disinfection on the biofilm forming ability, resistance to antibiotics and expression of virulence genes of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm-surviving cells
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Maria João Romeu, Diana Rodrigues, Joana Azeredo
Microbial contamination is an ongoing food safety concern, which has a great impact in public health and causes economic loss (Carrasco et al. 2012). Many reported foodborne outbreaks have been caused by Salmonella, with many of these being due to Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) the most common serotype associated with human cases (EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) 2018). This bacterium causes a foodborne infection, salmonellosis, which is a self-limiting disease that does not usually require antibiotic therapy. However, in the most severe salmonellosis cases the main choices for antibiotic therapy are fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins and ampicillin (Kit et al. 2011).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bacteria
- Flagellum
- Salmonella Enterica
- Serotype
- Subspecies
- Typhoid Fever
- Zoonosis
- Antigen
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Somatic Antigen