Bacteria
Julius P. Kreier in Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Pertussis is the formal name of the disease most often designated by the characteristic cough accompanying the disease. It is caused by Bordetella pertussis which is a Gram-negative coccobacillus. The virulence factors of B. pertussis are the several pertussis toxins, as well as the pili and capsule. Immunization with killed B. pertussis bacteria, in a triple vaccine that also contains diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DPT vaccine), has reduced the incidence of this disease in infants and young children. A factor in pertussis vaccines, however, causes neurologic disorders in a small proportion of children who have received it. This has caused a decrease in use of the vaccine and an upsurge in whooping cough. Attempts are underway to produce a pertussis vaccine free of this undesirable effect.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
James H. S. Gear in CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Nonantibody-driven afferent mechanisms have attracted more research attention recently. The original observations were made in vivo. Whitehead et al.49 found unusually high dengue 1 viremias in gibbons which had a concurrent lymphoma. Inoculation of pertussis vaccine into susceptible animals produced a similar effect. Halstead15 has produced enhanced dengue 2 viremias in susceptible rhesus monkeys, inoculated intravenously with pertussis vaccine or Cornybacterium parvum and then infected with dengue 2, 1 or 2 days later. An in vitro correlate of this phenomenon may have been demonstrated by Hotta and colleagues, who, in a series of publications50-52 have demonstrated dengue infection enhancement in cultures of mouse macrophages treated with an array of macrophage-activating substances of bacterial or parasitic origin. The mechanisms of increased macrophage infection in this system have not been demonstrated. The effect may not simply be due to increased phagocytic activity, as there is some evidence that dengue viruses do not survive in phagolysosomes, but enter cells through a pinocytotic event.53
Immunisation in primary care
Ruth Chambers, Kirsty Licence, AI Aynsley-Green in Looking after Children in Primary Care, 2018
With increasing experience and research, there are now few contraindications to pertussis vaccine. The guidelines1 are now much clearer. In the past a family or personal history of febrile convulsions or cerebral damage in the neonatal period were considered problem histories and reasons for special consideration, but now the only absolute contraindications are the same as for any killed vaccine. Children with well-controlled epilepsy should have the vaccine. Those who have what is termed an evolving neurological disorder should have the vaccination postponed until the condition is stable. If pertussis vaccination is to be postponed for only a matter of months, then as it is not possible to obtain pertussis vaccine by itself, it would be wise to postpone the DTaP/Hib/IPV as a whole.4 Local or systemic reactions, unless anaphylactic, are not considered contraindications.
DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib pediatric hexavalent combination vaccine for use in children from 6 weeks through to 4 years of age
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Pablo Obando-Pacheco, Irene Rivero-Calle, Peter Francis Raguindin, Federico Martinón-Torres
Second, this vaccine has used five bacterial antigens of pertussis. However, since no single correlation of protection have been established for pertussis, it is difficult to establish if the additional pertussis antigens included in the vaccine – FIM2 and FIM3 – will translate into better clinical coverage against the infection as compared to other vaccines with less antigens in their formulation [25,30,33]. This presents as a continuous challenge for vaccine development in pertussis vaccine. Thus, more studies are expected to come out in establishing better correlates of clinical protection for pertussis vaccines. In the meanwhile, assessment of real-life effectiveness and impact through post-marketing trials and epidemiologic assessment after the introduction of DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib in different country immunization programs will inform us.
Vaccine hesitancy ‘outbreaks’: using epidemiological modeling of the spread of ideas to understand the effects of vaccine related events on vaccine hesitancy
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Alison B. Wiyeh, Sara Cooper, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Charles S. Wiysonge
The whole-cell pertussis vaccine which is composed of a suspension of formalin-inactivated B pertussis cells was developed in the 1940s to protect children against pertussis. Prior to the introduction of this vaccine, approximately 200,000 cases of pertussis were reported annually in the United States. By 1976, disease rates had reduced to 1010 cases 1010 cases as a result of high immunization coverage [15]. Despite the efficacy of this vaccine, safety concerns arose in the mid-1970s, with reports about a possible association of this vaccine to injection site side effects and serious systemic reactions [16,17]. In 1982, a documentary, ‘DPT: Vaccine Roulette’ featured children with intellectual and physical disabilities believed to be associated to vaccination with the pertussis vaccine. This caused thousands of parents who had previously accepted diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccination to refuse receipt of this vaccine due to safety concerns. Barbara Fisher, a parent who believed her son had been irreparably harmed by the DPT vaccine later joined other affected parents to form ‘Dissatisfied Parents Together.’ ‘Dissatisfied Parents Together’ later became the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC), a popular source of vaccine misinformation in the USA [13].
Antenatal vaccination for influenza and pertussis: a call to action
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Despoina Gkentzi, Maria Zorba, Markos Marangos, Ageliki Vervenioti, Ageliki Karatza, Gabriel Dimitriou
With regards to the benefits of antenatal influenza vaccine (protection of both pregnant mother and the newborn), only 16 (3.7%) of the participants were adequately informed. Similarly, for pertussis, only 12 (2.8%) women in our cohort were aware that antenatal vaccination will offer protection to the newborn. As for vaccine safety, there was overall poor awareness that antenatal vaccination is safe to administer (95, 22%). A minority of participants believed that vaccination during pregnancy can cause birth defects (26, 5%) and autism (13, 2.5%). Moreover, only 10 (2.3%) were aware of the common side effects of influenza vaccine and 12 (2.8%) of the pertussis vaccine. We did not find any statistically significant difference between the knowledge and attitudes between the two vaccines.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diphtheria
- Febrile Seizure
- Whooping Cough
- Haemophilus Influenzae
- Vaccine
- Whole-Cell Vaccine
- Vaccination Schedule
- HIV/AIDS
- Tetanus
- Polio