Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical carcinoma, other anogenital cancers and a subset of head and neck cancers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including that of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils; that is called oropharyngeal cancer (de Martel et al. 2017; Timbang et al. 2019). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.
Therapeutic effectiveness
Dinesh Kumar Jain in Homeopathy, 2022
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissue. The infection is commonly known as tinea. The fungal growth rate must either equal or exceed the epidermal turnover rate, as otherwise the organism will be shade quickly. The infection spontaneously resolves. If a second infection by the same organism is produced, the site becomes inflamed very early and resolves relatively quickly (Kanwar & De, 2008, pp. 252–254). Warts are benign proliferation of the skin resulting from infection with human papillomavirus. Warts occur at any age. Most cutaneous warts are self-limiting and spontaneously regress within two years of onset. About 65% of common warts disappear spontaneously within two years. The regression is earlier in male children. Regression of common warts is asymptomatic and occurs gradually over several weeks usually without any sequelae (Criton, 2008, pp. 366–370).
Cancer
Sally Robinson in Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Some infections increase the risk of developing cancer. Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach lining, often acquired through contaminated food or water in childhood. It rarely causes problems, but it can cause stomach ulcers from which cancer may develop. It is also associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, bowel cancer and oesophageal cancer.Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HBC) viruses are carried in body fluids, including blood. If the body is unable to fight the viruses, they can cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma and liver cancer.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is mostly spread through contact with an infected person’s fluids such as blood, semen and breast milk. It lowers immunity, making people less able to fight viruses that cause cancer, including rare viruses such as Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus.There are hundreds of types of human papillomavirus (HPV), but only 13 cause cancer. HPV spreads by skin-to-skin contact. Genital and oral HPV can cause cancer in the cervix, vagina, vulva and penis, and anal and some mouth and tongue cancers.(Cancer Research UK, 2019)
Advancing cervical cancer diagnosis and screening with spectroscopy and machine learning
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Carlos A. Meza Ramirez, Michael Greenop, Yasser A. Almoshawah, Pierre L. Martin Hirsch, Ihtesham U. Rehman
The literature cited substantially differs in the selection of study groups (Figure 3a). Some of the studies recruit control group patients (healthy, with cervicitis, or benign tumors), patients diagnosed with cancer, and patients with precancer [13,14,17,20,54–60]. Other studies are limited to comparing only between healthy patients and patients diagnosed with cancer [61–68]. However, it has been found that some authors prefer to study only between abnormal or precancer vs. cancer samples [69,70], whereas the majority of the authors study healthy patients vs. a precancer grade, either high grade, or low grade, or abnormal cells not considered cancer [11,12,56,71–82]. Furthermore, there were few studies where patients or samples were only diagnosed with human papillomavirus independent of the cancer status and compared against healthy or non-HPV-detected patients or samples [83–87]. The sample group selection does not necessarily follow a specific procedure, since it varies according to the spectroscopic method. Nonetheless, what is important to highlight from the above-mentioned patient recruitment, is that researchers rarely use a balanced sample input, normally in proportion 1:1 which is essential for machine learning analysis. Most of the studies go beyond a 1:1 sample proportion, having up to a 1:10 sample proportion which will bring bias to machine learning models (Figure 3d).
Relation of Personal Characteristics with Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Outcomes: Assessing the Mediating Role of Vaccine Hesitancy Dimensions
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2023
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines effectively prevent HPV infections that cause certain cancers, namely cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal, and penile (Dehlendorff et al., 2021; Lei et al., 2020; NCI, 2022). The effectiveness of HPV vaccines has resulted in the dramatic reduction of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma among women in the United States (U.S.) between 1999 and 2017 (Mix et al., 2021), and similar effects are believed to have occurred in countries with HPV vaccination programs during similar time periods (Dehlendorff et al., 2021; Drolet et al., 2019; Lei et al., 2020). Despite its effectiveness, the rate of HPV vaccination lags behind other vaccines in the U.S. Pingali et al. (2021) found that tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine coverage (≥1 dose) among adolescents was 90.1%, meningococcal conjugate vaccine coverage was 89.3%, and HPV vaccine coverage was 75.1% in 2020. The authors also found that only 58.6% of adolescents were considered up to date on their HPV vaccine doses. These findings suggest that the rate of certain cancers can be further reduced by increasing HPV vaccination coverage, resulting in considerable research interest on the antecedents of HPV vaccine receipt to identify avenues to promote vaccination (Oh et al., 2021; Walling et al., 2016). The current article continues this stream of research.
Global article collection: essential reads from around the world
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Chia Jie Tan, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, Guilherme Silva Julian, Kei Long Cheung, Mickael Hiligsmann, Brian Godman, Sylvia Opanga, Paul A. Scuffham, Michael Gregg
Cervical cancer is a preventable disease. Despite this, the annual incidence globally is projected to increase from 570,000 cases currently to 700,000 by 2030, and most of these will be among young, under-educated women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)9,10. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine offers the potential to eliminate cervical cancer if made routinely available and used based on recent studies11. This is especially important in LMICs, where the cost of cancer care can be prohibitive, including for biological medicines12. It is for this reason that the recent study of Messoudi et al.10, which assessed the cost-effectiveness of the HPV vaccine in Morocco, is both necessary and impactful to guide future healthcare funding strategies across Africa and wider. As a result, it will help achieve the WHO goal of eliminating cervical cancer as a public health problem9,10.
Related Knowledge Centers
- DNA Virus
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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- Viral Envelope
- Wart
- Papilloma
- DNA Virus
- Malignant Transformation
- Host Tropism
- Tropism
- Papillomavirus Infection