Biology
William Bonnez in Guide to Genital HPV Diseases and Prevention, 2019
Papillomaviruses belongs to the Papillomaviridae family. Because culture of these viruses is not readily available, taxonomy is based on genotyping and not serotyping, which is traditionally used in virology. Genotypes are considered distinct if they share less than 90% homology in the DNA sequence of the open reading frame (ORF), coding for the major capsid protein. Subtypes have between 90% and 95% homology, and variants between 96% and 98%. The Papillomaviridae family has 18 genera. The human papillomaviruses belong to the Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, Mu-, and Nupapillomavirus. They are numbered in order of discovery.
Landscape of Papillomavirus in Human Cancers
Satya Prakash Gupta in Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a member of the Papillomaviridae family of viruses, which are so far implicated for causing epithelial warts, mostly benign in nature. However, this particular viral entity has shot into prominence due to its increasingly distinct association with severe human maladies such as cervical and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Interestingly enough, there is a silver lining in the form of explorable therapeutic options that may pave the path for fruitful research and subsequent deployment in clinical medicine. Various aspects of these options will be elucidated in the ensuing paragraphs.
Advances in Nanotechnology for Treatment of Women-Specific Cancers
Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid in Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most lethal malignancy in women. Despite advancements in therapy, most existing treatments have negative side effects, emphasizing the need for safer and less invasive cervical cancer therapeutic methods. The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the family Papillomaviridae. It is frequently observed in females who are sexually active and causes internal mucosa lesions. There are over 200 HPV serotypes, with HPV 16 and 18 being the present highest risk of cervical cancer.
An insight into clinical and laboratory detections for screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Shruthi Padavu, Pooja Aichpure, Ballamoole Krishna Kumar, Anoop Kumar, RadhaKanta Ratho, Shipra Sonkusare, Indrani Karunasagar, Iddya Karunasagar, Praveen Rai
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a member of the Papillomaviridae family, is a non-enveloped, small (~55-60 nm), circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus having a genome of nearly 8000 bp. Over 200 HPV genotypes have been identified, with high- and low-risk classifications based on biological characteristics and carcinogenic potential. These viruses have been associated with several cancers of the anogenital tract, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, and cervical cancers in women and penile and anal cancers in men [1]. Unprotected sexual activity is the main mode of HPV transmission. It also spreads through close skin-to-skin or skin-to-mucosa contact [2]. In 2009, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified mucosal HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68 as having oncogenic potential for humans, hereafter referred to as high-risk (HR) HPV types [3]. HR-HPV genotypes are crucial in chronic cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer progression. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the diagnostic category for cervical tissue abnormalities linked with a higher risk of developing invasive cancer. There are three levels of abnormality: low-grade or mild dysplasia, classified as CIN 1; high-grade or moderate dysplasia, as CIN 2; and high-grade or severe dysplasia leading to cancer, classified as CIN 3 [4].
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Human papillomavirus (HPV) that belongs to family Papillomaviridae, is a small, non-envelope virus that consists of an icosahedral capsid and a double-stranded circular DNA genome. HPV infects mucosal and cutaneous epithelial tissues and more than 100 types of HPV have been identified. They are grouped into two categories: high risk and low risk, depends on their associations with cervical cancer and precursor lesions (Burd 2003). Surviladze et al. (2013) have demonstrated that HPV type 16 (HPV16), a high-risk HPV type, activates EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in the early stage of viral infection in human keratinocytes. HPV-induced activation of EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway leads to phosphorylation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) substrates, 4E-BP1 and S6K which are associated with cap-dependent translation of proteins. Moreover, activation of EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway impairs autophagy which is a cellular process responsible for eliminating intracellular pathogen via a lysosomal pathway, as evidenced by the ratio of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II to LC3-I. Treatments of EGFR inhibitors, AG1478 and PD168393 diminished virus-induced activation of EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (Figure 3(c)) (Surviladze et al. 2013).
The pattern of human papillomavirus infection and genotypes among Nigerian women from 1999 to 2019: a systematic review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Anthony Uchenna Emeribe, Idris Nasir Abdullahi, Maisie Henrietta Etukudo, Idongesit Kokoabasi Isong, Anthony Ogbonna Emeribe, Justin Onyebuchi Nwofe, Chikodi Modesta Umeozuru, Buhari Isa Shuaib, Odunayo Rahmat Oyetola Ajagbe, Amos Dangana, Bibiana Nonye Egenti, Peter Elisha Ghamba
The human papillomavirus (HPV), a member of the Papillomaviridae family is recognized as a common and significant aetiology of sexually transmitted viral infection [1,2]. It has been estimated that approximately 5.2% of all cancers are said to be caused by HPV. Of which, cancers of the vagina, cervix, penis, vulva, anus and oropharyngeal cavity are the major categories [3]. So far, more than 200 HPV types have been recognized. Out of these, 14 are thought to be high-risk (HR) HPV types, they include types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 and 73 [3]. Although HR HPV types account for nearly all HPV-related cancers, HPV 16 and 18 are the attributable causes of 70% of cases worldwide [4]. Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) gave a worldwide report of 569,847 new cases and 311,365 deaths due to cervical cancer in 2018 [5].
Related Knowledge Centers
- DNA Virus
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- Wart
- Papilloma
- Malignant Transformation
- Host Tropism
- Tropism
- Papillomavirus Infection