Extensions of the Chao estimator for covariate information: Poisson case
Dankmar Böhning, Peter G.M. van der Heijden, John Bunge in Capture-Recapture Methods for the Social and Medical Sciences, 2017
Private veterinary surgeons (PVS) regularly send animal submissions to the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) to determine the cause of death based on a post-mortem examination, to test an animal sample to confirm a disease or to find out whether an animal needs further testing. The PVS might choose to submit or not submit a sample depending on the disease. Only notifiable diseases are compulsory to investigate and report to the authorities. The APHA could miss submissions for several reasons, for instance, a PVS might have facilities to run some diagnostic tests, or he/she might not submit a sample because there is history of a confirmed disease in the farm and the animal presents similar symptoms. The cost is also an important factor, as farmers might not even call a PVS when they believe that the disease is not going to spread to other animals. In fact, the Department of Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) used to subsidise some diagnostic tests but the current economic climate is leading to move all costs to farmers. Our objective is to evaluate the completeness of the farm submissions in Great Britain to understand which proportion of the general picture is being explained. In 2009, the number of farms with cattle was estimated to be 60,571 farms; 48,535 of those farms did not have any submissions that year. From the 12,036 farms that submitted, we aim to estimate the total number of farms with unknown disease that did not submit.
The body after death
Peter Hutton, Ravi Mahajan, Allan Kellehear in Death, Religion and Law, 2019
Procedures to prevent cross-infection and the recording of certain infections continue after death as they did in life. There are no exact rules set out as to what constitutes a hazard, but it is reasonable if the deceased had a notifiable disease to treat the body as potentially infective. Notifiable diseases are those infections that have to be reported to the local professional appointed as the ‘Proper Officer’. Such people can be appointed through a variety of organizations, but are now usually employed by the Health Protection Agency. A list of notifiable diseases and statutory responsibilities is published by Public Health England.4 The list of notifiable diseases is given in Table 32.1.
Paper 1
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman in nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Which of the following is not a notifiable disease? Viral hepatitisRelapsing feverMalariaSchistosomiasisAcute encephalitis
Factors Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections among Users of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Centers in Portugal
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2022
Eleonora C. V. Costa, Tânia Barbosa, M. Soares, Teresa McIntyre, M. Graça Pereira
In Portugal, STIs are part of a list of compulsory notifiable diseases that are communicated to the Ministry of Health. According to the last published national report, in Portugal, in the year of 2016, there were 1040 notified cases of HIV, 773 cases of syphilis, 474 of gonorrhea, 281 cases of hepatitis C, 195 cases of infections by Chlamydia trachomatis, and 181 cases of hepatitis B, with a higher prevalence in the male population (Gaspar et al., 2017). Regarding HIV rates, and according to the National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge (National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 2017), Portugal still has one of the highest rates in the European Union and an increase in the proportion of male cases. Undiagnosed STIs are public health threats as they contribute to increase transmission of HIV, and increased incidence of the diseases (Truong et al., 2015). The Portuguese Ministry of Health recommends screening users of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP) for syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea at treatment onset and quarterly thereafter but these recommendations do not imply screening of asymptomatic people otherwise not on PrEP (Geral da Saúde & Saúde, 2018). Flow in the system is associated with the fact that the occurrence of STIs may be misrepresented by under-reporting and some studies underlie the need to increase the percentage of STIs notified to the Health Authority (Oliveira et al., 2018).
Evaluating the completeness of the national ALS registry, United States
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2018
Wendy E. Kaye, Laurie Wagner, Ruoming Wu, Paul Mehta
Traditionally in the United States, surveillance systems have relied on physicians and other health care providers to report notifiable health information to state or local health departments and when appropriate this information is reported to federal health authorities. In the United States, the designation of a “reportable” health condition is conferred by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and this designation is usually reserved for infectious diseases. Because ALS is not an infectious disease, it is not considered a “reportable/notifiable” disease. In this assessment, we evaluated the completeness of the Registry by comparing ALS cases identified in the selected state and metropolitan areas which used traditional case ascertainment methods to those ALS cases identified by the Registry which used non-traditional surveillance case ascertainment methods.
Study of cerebrospinal fluid levels of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis and outcome of acute meningitis
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Lovelina Singh, Mahendra Javali, Anish Mehta, R. Pradeep, R. Srinivasa, P. T. Acharya
Meningitis is a notifiable disease, but its exact rate of incidence is not known. An estimated global figure has revealed that there were approximately 420,000 deaths associated with meningitis from 1990 to 2010 [1]. Bacteria and enteroviruses remain the major causes of meningitis [2]. Acute meningitis refers to cases with a duration of symptoms of less than one week. Early initiation of antibiotic therapy plays a crucial role in the improvement of the outcome of acute meningitis [3]. Pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis, tuberculous meningitis (TBM), and viral meningitis are commonly encountered. Fungal meningitis can result in chronic meningitis and is relatively uncommon. Cryptococcal meningitis is a form of fungal meningitis that is commonly encountered by immunosuppressed patients (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) [3,4].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cholera
- Lead Poisoning
- Plague
- Smallpox
- Yellow Fever
- Tuberculosis
- Mesothelioma
- Eradication of Infectious Diseases
- Animal Health Act 1981
- Public Health Emergency of International Concern