Viruses and Antiviral Agents
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Mumps (Parotitis) is highly infectious and spreads through saliva. The virus probably penetrates the body via the mouth and can be detected in the oral cavity 1–6 days prior to the appearance of swollen salivary glands (especially parotid glands), a symptom that typifies the disease.7 Other symptoms include fever and complications include oophoritis, orchitis, pancreatitis and viral meningitis. Transient hearing loss is a common symptom (approximately 1 in 20), but in extremely rare cases (1 in 20 000) can become permanent. Although the illness can occur at any age, most cases present in children between the ages of 5 and 10. The disease is self-limiting and in most children the symptoms are generally not severe. There is no cure for mumps and therefore treatment is restricted to symptom relief. Clearance of the virus leads to lifelong immunity and immunization with the live virus MMR vaccine between the ages of 12 to 15 months provides a similar level of immunity and protection from subsequent infection.
Epidemiology and the Challenge of Regulating Social Determinants of Health
Dru Bhattacharya in Global Health Disputes and Disparities, 2012
In other instances, the potential disease may be infectious, but relatively less severe. Mumps, for example, is an acute viral illness that usually results in fever, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite and swelling of salivary glands.57 Severe complications, however, are rare.58 In December 2007, an outbreak of mumps in Maine prompted officials at the University of Southern Maine to require 426 of its students to get vaccinated following a single confirmed case.59 Still, the situation did not raise national concern owing to widespread immunity and containment. Ultimately, the absence of disease, coupled with widespread immunity, secures the well-being of populations, and protects against the emergence of a public health emergency.
Aviation public health
Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol in Handbook of Aviation and Space Medicine, 2019
Infectious periods of some common illnesses once symptoms have developed are up to: Chicken pox: 5 days from onset of rash (traditionally until all lesions crusted).Hepatitis A: 7 days after onset of jaundice.Measles: 4 days from onset of rash.Mumps: 5 days from onset of swelling.Rubella: 4 days from onset of rash.Whooping cough: 5 days after commencing antibiotics or 21 days after onset.Pulmonary TB: 2 weeks antibiotics and sputum negative for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB).
Universities’ experience with mumps outbreak response and use of a third dose of MMR vaccine
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Mariel Marlow, Susan Even, Mary Theresa Hoban, Kelly Moore, Manisha Patel, Mona Marin
Mumps is an acute illness caused by a paramyxovirus that is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory droplets or saliva from an infected person. Transmission usually occurs as a result of close contact with a mumps patient, such as sharing saliva-contaminated objects, like cups or water bottles, or prolonged contact, like sports practices or frequent socializing. The disease typically presents as parotitis or other salivary gland swelling, but might also cause more severe complications, including orchitis or oophoritis, pancreatitis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hearing loss.1 In the United States, the implementation of a 1-dose mumps vaccine policy in 1977 and a 2-dose measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine policy in 1989 led to approximately a 99% decrease in the number of mumps cases.2
Waning immunity of one-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to mumps in children from kindergarten to early school age: a prospective study
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Yuanbao Liu, Zhihao Liu, Xiuying Deng, Ying Hu, Zhiguo Wang, Peishan Lu, Hongxiong Guo, Xiang Sun, Yan Xu, Fenyang Tang, Feng-Cai Zhu
Mumps is an acute respiratory infectious disease characterized by fever and parotitis. It mainly causes benign infection, but more serious acute inflammatory reactions, such as aseptic meningitis, orchitis, and deafness are often reported in children. Vaccines against mumps are available in most countries worldwide. Mumps incidence has dropped dramatically in countries that have implemented large-scale immunization against mumps [1]. Additionally, the WHO has recommended that countries that are currently using one-dose mumps-containing vaccine (MuV) to add a second dose to the schedule to ensure long-lasting immunity to mumps [2]. Many developed countries have introduced two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) into their National Immunization Program [3–5]. While the first dose is usually administered at 12–18 months of age, the age at the second dose varies from 2 to 12 years [5–7]. Several mumps outbreaks were recently reported in children or adolescents who received two doses of MMR in different countries, such as the Netherlands [4] and the USA [5]. Waning immunity may be also one of the important reasons underlying mumps infection after two doses of the vaccination [1,3,8].
The effects and molecular mechanism of heat stress on spermatogenesis and the mitigation measures
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Yuanyuan Gao, Chen Wang, Kaixian Wang, Chaofan He, Ke Hu, Meng Liang
The mumps virus can cause a range of complications. These include orchitis, oophoritis, encephalitis, and meningitis. Studies have shown that the mumps virus is highly testicular tendentious, inducing a testicular cell immune response, and damaging testicular function. Mumps orchitis is a rare complication, and is mainly seen in post-pubertal males with mumps (Wu et al. 2021). It often occurs in young men and is characterized by headache and fever in the early stages and swelling and pain in the testicles in the later stages. The mumps virus damages testicular tissue and causes substantial edema in testicular tissue. Increased pressure on the seminiferous tubules due to parenchymal edema can lead to necrosis of the seminiferous tubules and atrophy of the spermatogenic epithelium, eventually resulting in testicular atrophy (Yang et al. 2020).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Breast
- Meninges
- Mumps Virus
- Ovary
- Pancreas
- Parotitis
- Parotid Gland
- Viral Disease
- Deafness
- Testicle