Measles and its neurological complications
Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger in Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Mononegavirales group, which comprises the Rhabdo-, Filo-, and Paramyxoviridae [2]. As a paramyxovirus, MV possesses structural and biochemical features associated with this group, however it lacks a detectable virion-associated neuraminidase activity. Therefore, it has been grouped into a separate genus, the morbilliviruses. Other members of this group include rinderpest virus, which infects cattle; peste des petits ruminants, which infects sheep and goats; canine distemper virus, which infects various carnivores; phocine distemper virus; dolphin morbillivirus; and porpoise morbillivirus. All these viruses exhibit antigenic similarities, and produce similar diseases in their host species, but their neuroinvasiveness differs considerably. Whereas canine distemper virus causes neurological disease in approximately 50% of infected dogs, MV causes encephalomyelitis in about 0.1% of cases.
Order Mononegavirales
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier in Virus-Like Particles, 2022
The order Mononegavirales is the second largest among other negative single-stranded RNA virus orders after the Bunyavirales order (see Chapter 32) by number of families, currently 11, according to the recent detailed taxonomy (ICTV 2020; Kuhn et al. 2020). This is the major order in the class Monjiviricetes of the subphylum Haploviricotina, phylum Negarnaviricota, kingdom Orthornavirae, realm Riboviria. The other order of the Monjiviricetes class, namely Jingchuvirales, consists of the only family Chuviridae with the only Mivirus genus of 30 insect-specific species.
Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are members of the family Paramyxoviridae in the order Mononegavirales. The family is further divided into two subfamilies: Pneumovirinae and Paramyxovirinae. HPIVs, of which there are currently four recognized viruses (HPIV-1, -2, -3, and -4) are members of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, HPIV-1 and -3 are members of the genus Respirovirus and HPIV-2 and -4 are members of the genus Rubulavirus. HPIVs, like all members of the family Paramyxoviridae, contain nonsegmented, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genomes.
Ebola vaccine trials: progress in vaccine safety and immunogenicity
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Keesha M. Matz, Andrea Marzi, Heinz Feldmann
Structurally, ebolaviruses appear as enveloped filamentous particles [3,6,9]. As a typical mononegavirales, they possess a single-stranded negative-sense non-segmented RNA genome. The genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (NP) and associated with the polymerase (L), the polymerase co-factor viral protein (VP35) and the transcriptional activator VP30 which altogether make up the nucleocapsid. This structure is associated with VP24 and surrounded by the matrix protein, VP40. The transmembrane glycoprotein (GP) is a class 1 fusion protein and forms trimeric spikes on the outside of the virion envelope. It displays receptor-binding and fusion functions and, thus, is essential for virus entry into the cell. Since GP is an important target for the host immune response, it has been the main viral component for vaccine development.
Double-edged role of natural killer cells during RSV infection
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2020
Rauf Bhat, Mohamed A. Farrag, Fahad N. Almajhdi
RSV, an Orthopneumovirus belonging to the family Pneumoviridae and order Mononegavirales, is a negative sense, non-segmented, and single-stranded RNA genome virus that ranges from 15,191-15, 226 nucleotides [18]. The genome codes for eight structural and two nonstructural (NS1 and NS2) proteins [19]. Based on the heterogeneity of the attachment glycoprotein gene, RSV strains have been classified antigenically into two subgroups; A and B [20]. The core of the RSV particle contains a helical nucleocapsid that ranges in diameter from 14 nm to 16 nm [21]. This helical nucleocapsid is enveloped by a lipid bilayer sheath that is decorated by the virus peplomers; attachment protein (G), fusion protein (F), and the less abundant small hydrophobic protein (SH) [19]. The antibody response is primarily directed toward the F and the highly glycosylated G proteins. RSV preferentially infects the polarized ciliated epithelial cells and the type 1 alveolar pneumocytes in the human airways. Disease manifestation of RSV infection includes bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma and is one of the major causes of infant hospitalization. Since its discovery in 1956, RSV has been reported to cause seasonal epidemics with high mortality rates along with colossal economic repercussions, particularly in the developing countries [22]. RSV is the leading cause of LRTI in community and hospital studies [23]. RSV spreads easily in neonatal wards, within families, and in communities. The production of an RSV vaccine is hampered by several factors, including (i) the ability of the virus to circumvent the immune response [24], (ii) the immunologic immaturity and the preexisting maternal antibodies in the neonates [25, 26], (iii) the emergence of escape mutants [27, 28], and (iv) the inability of the virus to establish a long-lasting immune response [29].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Animal
- Mumps Virus
- Nipah Virus
- Rabies Virus
- Virus
- Zaire Ebolavirus
- Negative-Strand Rna Virus
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Measles Morbillivirus
- Artoviridae