Evidence of The Occurrence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Man
Arthur Newsholme in The Prevention of Tuberculosis, 2015
The occurrence of tuberculosis of bovine origin in man to an extent of practical importance is, as people have seen, denied by Koch and those who agree with him. Virulence necessarily declines with prolonged cultivation, and bacilli may assume slightly different forms on different culture media. According to Von Behring and De Jong passage through goats is able to change the bacillus of the typus humanus into the typus bovinus. Von Behring's Views as to human tuberculosis. He holds that bovine tubercle bacilli, after long residence in human tissues from infancy onwards, become the source of adult phthisis, the chief cause of mortality from tuberculosis. The virus of tuberculosis creeps in most insidiously, all unnoticed, being in this respect analogous only to the virus of leprosy, of syphilis, or possibly of malaria in tropical countries. A eugonic bacillus is one which grows readily, a dysgonic bacillus one which grows with difficulty on artificial media.
The Growth of our Knowledge of Infection
Sir Arthur Newsholme in Evolution of Preventive Medicine, 2015
As infection from without is the source of the main diseases of mankind, the growth of knowledge of infection forms a supremely important part of the history of preventive medicine. This study naturally divides itself into the period before and since the discovery of the micro-oganisms demonstrated to be the efficient agents in producing some of the infectious diseases. It is remarkable, as pointed out by Professor Karl Sudhoff, that although the theory of natural causation originated with the Greeks, the Greek physicians were blind to the fact of contagion or infection. The idea of infection developed in connection chiefly with leprosy, a disease usually associated with terrible cutaneous lesions. The second great battle of preventive medicine was fought with but little success against Plague. Sydenham had described the remote causes of epidemics as wholly inscrutable. Sylvius ascribed fever to increased velocity of the circulation.
Bone disease
Simon Mays in The Archaeology of Human Bones, 2021
Metabolic bone diseases are those where there is disruption of the normal balance between bone formation and bone resorption due to metabolic abnormality. Congenital abnormalities, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, benign and malignant tumours and various forms of arthritis are among the types of diseases that have been identified in ancient skeletal remains. Malignant neoplasms in the skeleton may originate in the bone, but often they are carried to the skeleton from a primary malignant lesion in another tissue; such instances are known as metastatic carcinomas, and occur in older individuals. The prevalences of infections, such as leprosy or tuberculosis, erosive arthropathies, major congenital defects, and most metabolic diseases and neoplasms, are characteristically less than about 5%, and often under 1%. Radiology involves the use of X-rays, to produce an image and in some cases to yield quantitative data on aspects such as bone density. Radiological imaging enables a more complete description of pathological alterations in a specimen to be made.
Usefulness of Nuclear Whole-Body Bone Scanning for Diagnosis of Leprosy
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2017
Hector Marquez, Joseph McDevitt, Orhan K. Öz, Jason Wachsmann
Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, is rare in the United States. Given its rarity, as well as the pathognomonic dermatologic findings, there are few cases in which nuclear medicine imaging plays a role in the diagnostic workup. We present a 39-year-old man who presented with chronic abdominal pain, skin ulcers, and hypercalcemia who underwent computed tomography of the chest and a whole-body bone scan to evaluate for possible underlying neoplasm due to his profound hypercalcemia. Although the diagnosis of leprosy had been established by lower-extremity skin biopsy upon admission, workup for other potential concurrent etiologies of hypercalcemia was performed before initiating therapy. We present the computed tomography scans, nuclear medicine images, and corresponding skin findings of this case.
Leprosy and HIV coinfection: a critical approach
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2011
Cesare Massone, Carolina Talhari, Rodrigo Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Renata Helena Monteiro Sindeaux, Marcelo Távora Mira, Sinesio Talhari, Bernard Naafs
An increase in leprosy among HIV patients, similar to that observed in patients with TB, was expected approximately 20 years ago. Studies conducted in the 1990s together with those reported recently seemed to indicate that a coinfection with HIV did not alter the incidence and the clinical spectrum of leprosy and that each disease progressed as a single infection. By contrast, in countries with a high seroprevalence of HIV, TB was noted to increase. Explanations may be provided by the differences in the incubation time, the biology and toxicity of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After the introduction of HAART the leprosy–HIV coinfection manifested itself as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), typically as paucibacillary leprosy with type 1 leprosy reaction. The incidence of leprosy in HIV-infected patients has never been properly investigated. IRIS-leprosy is probably underestimated and recent data showed that the incidence of leprosy in HIV patients under HAART was higher than previously thought.
BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2010
Corinne SC Merle, Sergio S Cunha, Laura C Rodrigues
The bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, initially developed to provide protection against TB, also protects against leprosy; and the magnitude of this effect varies. Previous meta-analyses did not provide a summary estimate of the efficacy due to the heterogeneity of the results. We conducted a meta-analysis of published data including recently published studies (up to June 2009) to determine the efficacy of BCG protection on leprosy and to investigate whether age at vaccination, clinical form, number of doses, type of study, the latitude of study area and year of publication influence the degree of efficacy and explain the variation. In the light of the results, we argue for more emphasis on the role of BCG vaccination in leprosy control and research.
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