The respiratory system
C. Simon Herrington in Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Congenital and acquired laryngeal conditions cause respiratory distress (stridor) in children and adults. These include congenital subglottic stenosis, laryngeal cysts arising from the mucous glands of the saccular appendage, laryngeal atresia, and webs, viral laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), and acute epiglottitis often due to H. influenzae type b. Diphtheria, due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, may be confined to the larynx. A ‘false membrane’, composed of fibrin and neutrophils, covers the epiglottis and false and true vocal folds, causing obstruction. Tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, leprosy, and fungal infections can also affect the larynx. The trachea is rarely affected by disease in adults, but in children acute laryngotracheobronchitis can be seen, as an extension of the laryngeal diseases mentioned above.
Section 8
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan in MCQs in Paediatrics for the MRCPCH, Part 1, 2017
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is usually caused by viruses - parainfluenza types 1 and 2, RSV and adenovirus - and is usually characterised by stridor (mostly inspiratory) and varying degrees of upper airway compromise. Nebulised adrenaline may be very helpful in the acute situation by reducing the airway oedema, although there is a risk of further rebound oedema after some time. Oral or nebulised steroids, mainly dexamethasone, have been found to be useful in many trials. Nebulised budesonide is also found to be effective in a dose of 2 mg given once or a divided dose of 1 mg twice. Supportive management is with oxygen as needed and feeding support.
Multimedia Evaluation of EMT-Paramedic Assessment and Management of Pediatric Respiratory Distress
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2021
Stephanie Schroter, Danny Thomas, Mark Nimmer, Alexis Visotcky, Raphael Fraser, M. Riccardo Colella, Lorin R. Browne
Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers are often the first contact for a sick or injured child and therefore can greatly impact emergency medical care. Pediatric transports account for approximately 8% of total prehospital transports with “respiratory distress” being the second most common prehospital working assessment (1, 2). Asthma/bronchospasm, croup, and bronchiolitis are the most common pediatric respiratory illnesses and can be life threatening when severe (3–5). Prehospital emergency care is on the continuum of emergency medical care and initial correct intervention may decrease emergency department length of stay, admissions to the hospital, hospital length of stay, escalation of care and overall health care costs, particularly for asthma and croup (6–10).
Prognostic factors and importance of recognition of adult croup
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Tomoyasu Tachibana, Yorihisa Orita, Takuma Makino, Yasutoshi Komatsubara, Yuko Matsuyama, Yuto Naoi, Michihiro Nakada, Yasuharu Sato, Kazunori Nishizaki
Croup, or laryngotracheobronchitis, is a common inflammatory disease in childhood characterized by barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor [1–3]. Severe croup patients can require airway intervention such as tracheal intubation or tracheostomy to maintain the airway. The characteristics of adult croup (AC) have not been well described. To delineate prognostic factors for AC, the present study retrospectively investigated the clinical features of AC patients treated in our department.
Vitamin B12 status and neurodevelopmental delay in Indian infants: a hospital-based cross-sectional study
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2020
Chandrika Azad, Kana Ram Jat, Jasbinder Kaur, Vishal Guglani, Anshu Palta, Abhimanyu Tiwari, Dipika Bansal
All infants aged 1–12 months presenting consecutively to the paediatric emergency department or ward requiring blood sampling or intravenous cannulation were invited to participate. Infants were included if they presented with conditions such as bronchiolitis, non-severe pneumonia, laryngotracheobronchitis, acute gastroenteritis, febrile seizures, anaemia and fever under evaluation.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cough
- Fever
- Orthomyxoviridae
- Respiratory Tract Infection
- Rhinorrhea
- Stridor
- Trachea
- Virus
- Hoarse Voice
- Parainfluenza Viruses