Infection in Solid Tumors
Itzhak Brook in Anaerobic Infections, 2008
Infection has been recognized as one of the major obstacles to the successful management of patients with malignant tumors (1). Infection is often suspected in patients with solid tumors who develop fever, especially when associated with neutropenia. Although most infections in febrile neutropenic patients with malignancy are related to systemic infections (1), in a large proportion of patients, no obvious source of infection is discovered. It is possible that infection in the tumor mass accounts for a proportion of these febrile episodes. Although the occurrence of infection in necrotic tumor mass has been recognized, the microbiology of infected tumors is not well established.
Urinary catheter management
Barbara Smith in Nursing & Health Survival Guide: Infection Control, 2014
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE) guidelines for the Prevention of Infection recommend that the following is incorporated into local policies and guidelines for the management of urinary catheters. Education of patients, career's and healthcare workers in all relevant aspects of the management of catheter drainage; assessment of the need for the use of catheters; selecting the type of drainage; insertion of the catheter; catheter care and maintenance. Any community and primary health and social care staff involved with the person's care should be trained in catheter insertion, including suprapubic catheterisation, and in catheter management. Follow up training and support for long term catheter management must be in place. Empty the bag frequently to maintain flow and the valve should be released regularly. This prevents reflux and minimises the risk of infection and damage to the kidneys. Wash the meatus daily using soap and water.
Antibiotic Resistance of Anaerobic Bacteria and Its Effect on the Management of Anaerobic Infections
Itzhak Brook in Anaerobic Infections, 2008
Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are common and may be serious and life-threatening. Anaerobes as the predominant components of the bacterial flora of normal human skin and mucous membranes (1) are a common cause of bacterial infections of endogenous origin. Because of their fastidious nature, they are difficult to isolate from infectious sites and are often overlooked. Failure to direct therapy against these organisms often leads to clinical failures. Their isolation requires appropriate methods of collection, transportation, and cultivation of specimens (2-4). Treatment of anaerobic bacterial infection is complicated by the slow growth of these organisms, whichmakes diagnosis in the laboratory only possible after several days, by the often polymicrobial nature of the infection and by the growing resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobial agents.
The Severity of Infection Stones Compared to other Stones in the Upper Urinary Tract
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 1985
Lars Grenabo, Hans Hedelin, Silas Pettersson
A retrospective study of the case records of 391 adult patients with spontaneously passed or surgically removed concrements from the upper urinary tract during the period 1982–1983 was performed. According to chemical analysis, 66% of the stones were calcium stones, 30% were infection stones, 4% were uric acid/urate stones and 1% were cystine stones. Of the infection stones 12 (10%) were staghorn calculi. The infection stones placed a greater strain on the patients than the calcium stones. Thus, infection stones were significantly more often recurrent stones and required surgery significantly more often than the calcium stones. Only 6% of the patients with infection stones had proved abnormalities predisposing to upper urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection with a urease-producing microorganism was detected in only 52% of the patients with infection stones. As infection with a urease-producing microorganism is a prerequisite for the formation of infection stones in the urinary tract a careful microbiological investigation to find and treat the infection responsible for the stone formation is mandatory.
The emerging role and significance of circular RNAs in viral infections and antiviral immune responses: possible implication as theranostic agents
Published in RNA Biology, 2021
Faryal Mehwish Awan, Burton B. Yang, Anam Naz, Aneeqa Hanif, Aqsa Ikram, Ayesha Obaid, Arif Malik, Hussnain Ahmed Janjua, Amjad Ali, Sumaira Sharif
ABSTRACT Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are ubiquitously expressed, covalently closed rings, produced by pre-mRNA splicing in a reversed order during post-transcriptional processing. Circularity endows 3′-5′-linked circRNAs with stability and resistance to exonucleolytic degradation which raises the question whether circRNAs may be relevant as potential therapeutic targets or agents. High stability in biological systems is the most remarkable property and a major criterion for why circRNAs could be exploited for a range of RNA-centred medical applications. Even though various biological roles and regulatory functions of circRNAs have been reported, their in-depth study is challenging because of their circular structure and sequence-overlap with linear mRNA counterparts. Moreover, little is known about their role in viral infections and in antiviral immune responses. We believe that an in-depth and detailed understanding of circRNA mediated viral protein regulations will increase our knowledge of the biology of these novel molecules. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive basis and overview on the biogenesis, significance and regulatory roles of circRNAs in the context of antiviral immune responses and viral infections including hepatitis C virus infection, hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis delta virus infection, influenza A virus infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus infection, human cytomegalovirus infection, herpes simplex virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus infection, ORF virus infection, avian leukosis virus infection, simian vacuolating virus 40 infection, transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection, and bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. We have also discussed the critical regulatory role of circRNAs in provoking antiviral immunity, providing evidence for implications as therapeutic agents and as diagnostic markers.
Prolonged infection by
Published in Virulence, 2010
Alexandre P. Machado, Maria R. R. Silva, Olga Fischman
In the present study, we examined prolonged infection after antigenic co-stimulation by inoculation of the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi at two different sites in three mouse strains (BALB/c, Swiss, and C57BL/6). Using this murine model of infection, we showed that antigen induction of infection at more than one site led to a local suppression of active lesions, which increased the time course of experimental chromoblastomycosis (CBM). Footpad infection with a simultaneous infection of the peritoneum or a mucosal site appeared to cause prolonged infection and frequent fungal disseminations. Using knockout (KO) mice, we observed that antigenic co-stimulation caused progressive illness in CD8-KO animals and an effective immune response in the absence of IL-10. In Xid mice, co-stimulation provoked chronic infection (not prolonged), suggesting that B1 B cells play an important role in the control of fungal infection. The tissue response to infection was similar in all co-stimulated mouse groups, as anatomopathologic sections revealed multifocal lesions (granuloma-like). In general, these mice had acute responses at primary antigenic sites with an intense migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), whereas the distant infection sites (footpad) showed signs of chronic infection. The migration of PMNs to the secondary site (footpad) increased in the later periods of infection, especially after the disappearance of the primary antigenic focus. PMN migration was associated with lesion-dormancy breakage and fungal elimination. Our findings suggest that the host inflammatory/suppression mechanisms induced by antigenic co-stimulation to systemically fight the same pathogen act coordinately through responses that differ at the sites of infection between acute and chronic integrated healing processes that are more prolonged than an acute infection at a single site. However, the long persistence of fungal cells in the host may be linked to microbial adaptation to a parasitic infection as observed in co-stimulated Xid mice.
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