Pulmonary Endothelium in Health and Viral Infections
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus impairing the host’s immune system. Several lung diseases have been associated with HIV infection, such as bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia and tuberculosis. However, given the longer survival of HIV patients, noninfectious complications of HIV infection have become apparent and might significantly affect morbidity and mortality.160 Among these pulmonary complications are PAH and atherosclerosis.161 The incidence of HIV-related PAH is reported to be 0.5% of HIV-infected patients.162 Histology of vascular lesions is similar to the lesions found in other patients with PAH: An angioproliferative disease with laminar intimal fibrosis, medial hypotrophy, and plexiform lesions.163
Viruses
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly in The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
The primate lentiviruses include HIV 1 and 2 (human immunodeficiency virus) and SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus). HIV was first isolated in 1983 from a 33-year-old male and determined to be the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) (Barré-Sinoussi et al. 2004). HIV affects the CD4 lymphocytes, resulting in immunosuppression and vulnerability to opportunistic infections (Reitz and Gallo 2015). HIV is transmitted through body fluids including blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk and vertically from mother to fetus (CDC 2017). At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV in the world, with approximately 70% of the cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (UNAIDS 2016). Although the rates of HIV infection have been declining in recent years, there were still 2.1 million newly infected people in 2015 (UNAIDS 2016). HIV-1 is more widely distributed and pathogenic than HIV-2 is (Reitz and Gallo 2015).
Naturally Occurring Alkaloids with Anti-HIV Activity
Namrita Lall in Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Immunodeficiency results in increased susceptibility to a wide range of infections, cancers and other diseases. The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. In the first few weeks after the initial infection, people may experience no symptoms or an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, rash or sore throat. However, they tend to be most infectious during this time. In severe cases, the people have symptoms including swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhea and cough. In case of improper diagnosis and treatment, they could develop severe illnesses such as tuberculosis (TB), cryptococcal meningitis, severe bacterial infections and cancers such as lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma. However, the most advanced stage of HIV infection is AIDS, which can take many years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections or other severe long-term clinical manifestations (WHO, 2020).
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has the ability to attack the body’s immune system and then lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Notably, oral lesions can indicate infection with HIV, such as in Kaposi sarcoma.95 It is known that HIV is most often spread primarily by vaginal and rectal routes, but there is also evidence that pediatric HIV infections can occur during breastfeeding.96 Therefore, it is important to consider the role of the oral mucosal barrier in this infection. It has been noted that prolonged interaction of HIV proteins tat and gp120 in oral epithelial cells leads to the disruption of AJs of epithelial cells through reduction of E-cadherin, which can make the cells more susceptible to EMT97 (Figure 2). In addition, HIV-associated disruption of AJs exposes nectin-1, allowing HSV-1 binding and its opportunistic infection throughout the mucosal epithelium98 (Figure 2). Therefore, since adhesion molecules act as viral receptors, it would be of paramount interest to further understand the role of the AJs in viral – epithelial interactions in the oral cavity, to further elucidate the mechanisms by which these diseases can spread throughout the epithelium.
Looking at antiretroviral adherence through a disability lens: a cross-sectional analysis of the intersection of disability, adherence, and health status
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Bradley Shaun Carpenter, Jill Hanass-Hancock, Hellen Myezwa
A list of HIV-related symptoms and side effects was used to measure overall health, while the CES-D 10 was used to measure mental health. The list of health symptoms was based on work by Duran et al. [29] and includes a list of 16 symptoms commonly experienced by people living with HIV such as memory loss, confusion, diarrhea, breathlessness, fatigue, stomach pain, headaches, nausea, fever, changing taste, itching skin, muscle pain, heartburn, sore mouth, vomiting, and kidney stones. This list was used to calculate the number of symptoms experienced by people living with HIV. The CES-D 10 measures symptoms of depression and is a widely employed and validated international screening tool and is also used in South African health research [28]. It consists of 10 Likert-type items prompting the occurrence of specific feelings or behaviors within the past week. People scoring 20 or more on the CES-D 10 are considered to be at risk of depression [30,31].
Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Risk Behaviors from the NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2010
David D. Celentano, Kenneth H. Mayer, Willo Pequegnat, Nadia Abdala, Annette M. Green, H. Hunter Handsfield, Tyler D. Hartwell
All participants were asked to provide blood and urine specimens at each assessment visit, and females additionally were asked for vaginal swab specimens. Testing in a study-certified local laboratory was performed to assess HIV, Herpes simplex virus-type 2 (HSV-2), syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Trichomonas (women only). HIV testing of blood specimens were performed using HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) repeated at least once and followed by a Western blot confirmatory test if positive. HSV-2 testing of blood specimens was performed using Herpeselect 2 enzyme immunoassay (MRL Focus Technologies, Los Angeles, CA). When results were unclear (e.g., indeterminate, seroreverted), the samples were retested using the Kalon ELISA (Kalon Biological Ltd., Guilford, UK). Syphilis testing was performed by rapid plasma reagin and confirmed using the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test. Vaginal swabs were cultured for Trichomonas vaginalis using the InPouch TV 20 test kit (Biomed, San Jose, CA). Urine samples from men and vaginal swabs from women were tested for Chlamydia and gonorrhea DNA using Amplicor CT/NG polymerase chain reaction (Roche, Branchburg, NJ; NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial Group, 2007c).
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