Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan in Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
Coronaviruses were surrounded by positive RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) which range from 60 nm to 140 nm of diameter. There are four types of coronaviruses: HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1); NL63; 229E; and OC43, all of which are circulated in humans. HKU1 is a species of coronaviruses in humans which is a novel representative of group II (beta) from an adult, NL63 is a novel representative of a group I (alpha) from a child with bronchiolitis, 229E and OC43 are representative of group I (alpha) and II (beta) viruses, which are common cold viruses (Pyrc et al., 2007). The Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‐OC43) causes problems in respiratory systems. Initially, the coronavirus β genera originated from bats and traversed to humans via intermediate hosts of civet cats in China. These viruses are designated as SARS-CoV-2. During 2012, the MERS-CoV has emerged from bats and dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. This has developed into a new public health disease. HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV-HKU1 is MERS-CoV (Singhal, 2020).
Intrapericardial inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in a 3-month-old infant associated with Coronavirus OC43 presenting with pericardial tamponade
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2020
Yasemin Nuran Donmez, Hayrettin Hakan Aykan, Diclehan Orhan, Recep Oktay Peker, Mustafa Yilmaz, Tevfik Karagoz
The aetiopathogenesis of IMT is unclear and controversial. An abnormal immune response owing to inflammation, injury and infection (e.g. EBV, CMV, human herpes virus 8) may be responsible for its pathogenesis [6]. Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is of the Betacoronavirus family and may be responsible for flu-like symptoms, respiratory tract infections, pneumonia or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children [9]. This is the first case in which Coronavirus OC43 has been detected in a cardiac IMT; however, an association between viruses and their role in IMT has not yet been confirmed. It is speculated that, in the presence of infections such as Coronavirus, individuals with a genetic abnormality such as rearrangements of ALK gene, may be predisposed to develop IMT. Also, changes in the antiviral response by the immune system, either by suppression or aggravation of immune pathways, might be a factor in the development of IMT [4,6,10,11].
Molecular detections of coronavirus: current and emerging methodologies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Mingkun Diao, Lang Lang, Juan Feng, Rongsong Li
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already claimed more than 3 million deaths worldwide so far. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus Coronavirus, which widely exist in nature with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA as their genetic material. Seven coronaviruses have been identified to cause respiratory diseases in human, including human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 [1]. In the past two decades, the spreading of coronavirus caused three epidemics with severe symptoms and high mortality rates in patients. The SARS-CoV in late 2002, upon identified in China, quickly spread to Southeast Asia and other regions in the world. This epidemic was gradually eliminated by mid-2003 and had a mortality rate around 10% [2]. The MERS-CoV outbreak was firstly identified in Saudi Arabia in September, 2012, and quickly spread to Mid-east Asia, Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, then ended in May, 2015. It had more than 1000 confirmed cases with a striking mortality rate of more than 35% [3]. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started in late 2019 [4]. Though the fatality rate for the ongoing pandemic is less as compared to SARS and MERS, it is much more contagious and led to far more total deaths [5].
Spectroscopy as a tool for detection and monitoring of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Rabia Sanam Khan, Ihtesham Ur Rehman
Coronavirus was for the first time identified in 1960 as a cause of common cold. It is an enveloped RNA virus, single-stranded with a pleomorphic or spherical shape having projections of glycoprotein. It has various subtypes such as alpha, beta, gamma, and delta coronavirus along with serotypes of each subtype. The human coronavirus (OC43-like and 229E-like) can also be found in bats, pigs, birds, cats, dogs, mice, and whales. Coronavirus can be transmitted through airborne droplets and the replication of the virus occurs in the ciliated epithelium that causes cell damage and inflammatory reactions at the site of infection [1]. Consequently, the COVID-19 fatality rate (30–90%) is observed to be higher in the older generation making them the most vulnerable group. The milder cases of COVID-19 can include nasal congestion, sore throat, difficulty in breathing, chest pains, chills, kidney failure, and pneumonia. This virus can infect several organs in the human body, such as respiratory, hepatic, central nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. The rate of the outbreak of this emerging coronavirus is increasing alarmingly and current methods of diagnosis such as polymerase chain reaction are not ideal as far as the cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and speed are concerned. Therefore, a faster and simpler method for the detection of viral infections in biofluids can become a front-line tool in order to tackle the spread of this deadly disease [2,3].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Betacoronavirus
- Coronavirus
- Rna
- Viral Envelope
- Common Cold
- Betacoronavirus 1
- Sense
- Rna Virus
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid
- 1889–1890 Pandemic