Tea Polyphenolic Compounds against Herpes Simplex Viruses
Satya Prakash Gupta in Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
The Herpesviridae family contains more than 100 different herpesviruses that infect a multitude of host organisms, including fish, birds, horses, and humans. Herpesviruses are further classified into three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. HSV types 1 and 2 (human herpesvirus 1 and 2, or HHV-1 and -2) are members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, Simplexvirus genus. The other genus in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily is the Varicellovirus genus that also includes varicella zoster virus (HHV-3) that causes chicken pox and shingles. This subfamily is distinguished by its short reproductive cycle, rapid spread, destruction of host cells, and by establishing its latent cycle (Mettenleiter et al. 2009; Roizman and Baines 1991).
The cultural, epidemiological and biomedical context
T. Natasha Posner in Herpes Simplex, 2008
The term ‘herpes’ refers to a category of viruses known as the human herpes viruses. This group includes varicella zoster which causes chicken pox and shingles (herpes zoster), the Epstein-Barr virus which is the cause of glandular fever, cytomegalovirus (CMV), the recently named human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) whose medical significance is currently unclear, as well as the herpes simplex virus (HSV). As we saw in the preceding section, there are two very similar types of HSV, HSV-1 and HSV-2, and infection at some time in life with one or the other version is extremely common. The virus is a minute micro-organism (basic form of life) containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is the genetic material. The DNA of HSV types 1 and 2 is slightly different, as are some of the glycoproteins on the outer surface of the virus which help it attach to human cells. However, there is no difference in the infection produced, and the resulting antibodies, although distinguishable, are very similar.
A Basic Primer on HIV Infections and AIDS Cases (HIV/AIDS)
James Chin, Jeffrey Koplan in The AIDS Pandemic, 2018
The major point this table demonstrates is that an infectious disease agent such as HIV which requires sex or blood contact for transmission from person to person cannot become a “generalized” epidemic agent. By contrast, an agent such as influenza can be very infectious and does not require direct physical contact to spread from person to person. HIV and genital herpes virus (HSV-2) are both viral agents primarily transmitted from person to person via direct physical contact (unprotected sexual intercourse). The general pattern and prevalence of these infections in any population are similar: only persons who have multiple sex partners or who are the regular sex partner of an infected person are at any risk of acquiring or transmitting these viral infections via sexual contact. As we will see in Chapter 5 (on HIV epidemiology and transmission dynamics), epidemic HIV transmission requires a very high level of HIV risk behaviors and public health interventions must be directed to persons with the highest levels of HIV risk behaviors and not to the general public.
Risk of opportunistic infections in patients treated with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2018
Antonio Riccardo Buonomo, Emanuela Zappulo, Giulio Viceconte, Riccardo Scotto, Guglielmo Borgia, Ivan Gentile
Herpes viruses can infect humans, remain latent within specific cells, and subsequently reactivate causing clinical symptoms. Transmission habitually requires intimate contact since they are not able to survive long outside the host. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1/2, Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), Epstein Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) are far more commonly cause of clinically relevant disease both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. In particular, HSV 1/2 are generally responsible of gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, keratoconjunctivitis, cutaneous herpes, genital herpes, neonatal herpes, encephalitis, meningitis, or disseminated infection. VZV causes chickenpox, herpes zoster, and, more rarely, pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis, disseminated infection, hepatitis. CMV can cause a mononucleosis/flu-like syndrome, hepatitis, congenital disease, retinitis, pneumonia, colitis, and disseminated infection.
Isolated Sudden-Onset Trochlear Nerve Palsy Associated with Mild Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Infection
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2023
Mehmet Serhat Mangan, Zeynep Acar
Trochlear nerve palsy is the most common isolated palsy of the extraocular muscles.1 It may not always be possible to differentiate between the congenital and acquired types and an overlap between these two types at presentation can be encountered.1,2 Acquired trochlear nerve palsy is frequently caused by closed head trauma, but uncommonly caused by infarct or tumor compression.1,2 It has rarely been associated with viral infections such as those caused by herpes zoster ophthalmicus,3 herpes simplex-1,4 influenza B,5 human immunodeficiency virus-1,6 human herpesvirus-6,7 and varicella zoster virus.8 We present an otherwise healthy case with isolated trochlear nerve palsy in the setting of a SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection.
Sexual Practices Among a Sample of Young Lesbian and Bisexual Women from Mexico: An Exploratory Study
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2019
Juan Carlos Mendoza-Pérez, Luis Ortiz-Hernández, Ignacio Lozano-Verduzco
Evidence shows that STIs are an important subject for lesbian and bisexual women. For example, a Norwegian study on women who exclusively have sex with women reported that 38% of this sample had suffered an STI and that 5% were diagnosed with an STI during the course of the study (Molin, De Blasio, & Olsen, 2016). Infections that occur through direct contact usually take place through skin-to-skin contact or sharing sexual toys and objects that involve contact with cervical and vaginal secretions and mucus (Bailey et al., 2003). Viral transmission are common through this type of contact, particularly the transmission of the human papilloma virus (HPV) and simple herpes virus (Clutterbuck et al., 2012). Infections caused by bacteria are more common than those caused by virus. In a study with Norwegian women, 4% had been infected by chlamydia (Molin et al., 2016). In Australia, women who reported having sex with women had higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis compared to women who denied having sex with other women (Fethers et al., 2000). A case study investigation reported the oral-genital transmission of syphilis amongst women (Campos-Outcalt & Hurwitz, 2002). Among studies focusing on fungal infections, 13% of WSWs from Australia presented candidiasis (Fethers et al., 2000), and infections through protozoa have been observed among 1.3% of these women (Bailey et al., 2004).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chickenpox
- Cold Sore
- DNA Virus
- Genital Herpes
- Herpes Simplex Virus
- Lytic Cycle
- Shingles
- Varicella Zoster Virus
- Virus Latency
- Epstein–Barr Virus