Hepatitis A
Vincenzo Berghella in Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Hepatitis A is usually transmitted through fecal-oral contact with infected persons or contaminated food and/or water. Most cases in the United States are directly transmitted through person-to-person or sexual contacts during outbreaks. The average incubation period is 28 (15–50) days, with peak infectivity 2 weeks prior to an abrupt symptom onset [9, 10]. HAV infection can be symptomatic (adults) but also asymptomatic (mostly children <6 years of age). The vast majority of cases are self-limited (1–2 weeks), though severe cases can last months [11]. Relapse can occur (up to 20% of cases), though the symptoms are often milder, and the average duration is 4.7 weeks, with reported durations up to 4 months [12]. Anti-HAV IgM usually appears 5–10 days before symptoms present, and can persist for 3–12 months [10].
Test Paper 3
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike in Get Through, 2017
A 37-year-old man has recently returned from a holiday and has been feeling unwell. Blood tests carried out by the GP show raised inflammatory markers and abnormal liver function test results. A provisional diagnosis of viral hepatitis is made. All of the following are MR features of acute hepatitis, except Heterogeneous liver enhancement.Irregular outline to liver with caudate lobe hypertrophy.Extrahepatic findings in patients with severe acute hepatitis include gallbladder wall thickening due to oedema and, infrequently, ascites.Involved areas may be normal or demonstrate decreased signal intensity on T1W images and increased signal intensity on T2W images.Periportal oedema appears as high-signal-intensity areas on T2W images.
The Viruses
Julius P. Kreier in Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Viral hepatitis is a common inflammatory disease of humans and a variety of animal species. A variety of viruses can cause hepatitis or infect the liver as part of their systemic spread and replication. The resulting pathologic lesions may be acute and transient as in Hepatitis A or result in chronic infections and persistent tissue damage (e.g., cirrhosis) or cancer (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma) as in Hepatitis B infections. in animals the range of viral infections that cause infection or inflammation of the liver is broad and includes such examples as adenoviruses (infectious canine hepatitis), bunyaviruses (rift valley fever in sheep), and retroviruses (equine infectious anemia). In humans hepatitis is most commonly caused by one of five species of viruses named A, B, C, D, and E. However, as in animals the disease is caused by a variety of viruses with the common trait of hepatic tropism (Table 16.1).
Clinical experience with the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, Avaxim 80U Pediatric
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Catherine Bravo, Larissa Mege, Claire Vigne, Yael Thollot
Hepatitis A is an acute, inflammatory infection of the liver caused by HAV, genus hepatovirus of the picornavirus family [2]. Infection with HAV is an important public health problem in some parts of the world [3,4], where prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in the population may exceed 90% by age 10 years. In endemic countries, exposure to HAV usually occurs before the age of 5 years when infections are often asymptomatic [2,5]. The severity of illness tends to increase with age. Prevalence rates vary considerably by country, region, and shift over time [6]. Sporadic outbreaks can occur in otherwise low endemicity countries [7]. Globally, >100 million HAV infections and 15,000–30,000 associated deaths occur annually [8]. The global burden of HAV in 2013 was estimated to be 1.2 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 198,000 years lived with disability (YLDs), and 1.0 million years of life lost (YLLs) [9]. In middle-income countries, routine vaccination of children is cost-effective, even cost saving in some instances [10], and can be a sound economic strategy even in low HAV endemic countries [11].
TIPE2 as a potential therapeutic target in chronic viral hepatitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Jian Ji, Yuan-Yuan Zhang, Yu-Chen Fan
Chronic hepatitis viral infection is accompanied by variable degrees of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis with an increased risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [62]. It is widely accepted that chronically hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected patients are prevalent in Asia and Africa, whereas progression to chronic hepatitis is mainly caused by the cell-mediated immune response to HBV, rather than direct injury to hepatocytes caused by the virus [63]. Meanwhile, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection usually accompanied by the direct injury of hepatocyte [63]. A recent study reported that TIPE2 might be responsible for viral clearance during HBV infection [64], and TIPE2 also plays an important role in CHC infection [65]. Furthermore, TIPE2 has been reported to be involved in the liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [45,66,67].
Simple and feasible detection of hepatitis a virus using reverse transcription multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification and lateral flow dipsticks without standard PCR laboratory
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Mao-ling Sun, Yang Zhong, Xiao-na Li, Jun Yao, Yu-qing Pan
HAV infection is a global public health problem. Around the world, 1.5 million people are infected with HAV each year, and the number of undiagnosed infections may reach tens of millions [11]. In China, hepatitis A outbreaks are a public health crisis, causing great panic and a huge shock to the economy. In 1988, 1.5 million people in Shanghai were infected by HAV transmitted by Scapharca subcrenata, with more than 300,000 presenting with symptoms [6]. In that year, the cost of free treatment for hepatitis patients far exceeded the health expenditure of Shanghai [12]. Because Hepatitis A often spreads through contaminated food and water, it can infect many people in a short time (a cluster outbreak) [13]. Therefore, a rapid, accurate, and economical diagnostic test for HAV is urgently needed to control hepatitis A epidemics, especially in resource-limited settings [14].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acute Liver Failure
- Hepatitis
- Hepatitis B
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- Immunity
- Liver
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E