Sexual health
Sally Robinson in Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Genital warts are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV has over 100 different variants that can affect various parts of the body. There are over 30 different types of HPV that live around the genital and anal areas, but most genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 and HPV type 11. Genital warts are the most common viral sexually transmitted infection in the UK. In 2018, compared to 2017, the rates decreased by 3% in England and 10% in Northern Ireland (PHE, 2019a; PHA, 2019). Data from Scotland are currently unavailable. In Wales, comparing April to September 2017 with the same period in 2018, rates decreased by 9% (PHW, 2019). The decrease in rates has been mostly among girls who have received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine at the age of 12 to 13 years.
Gynaecological Problems – Answers
Rekha Wuntakal, Madhavi Kalidindi, Tony Hollingworth in Get Through, 2014
Subtypes 16 and 18 are associated with CIN and cervical cancer. Symptoms: genital warts are often asymptomatic.Diagnosis: characteristic appearance of genital warts, cervical cytology to detect preinvasive conditions of cervix, HPV testing and colposcopy.Complications: subtypes 16 and 18 are associated with CIN and cervical cancer; smoking and immunosuppression further increases the risk.Treatment: physical and pharmacological destruction of warts, podophyllin application, podophyllotoxin solution, trichloroacitic acid, cryotherapy and surgery.
The reproductive system
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
There are a number of different HPV variants that infect various tissues of the body. Most type of HPV are associated with benign warts on the hands, feet, face and neck. A number of HPV variants can infect the genitalia and cause a range of conditions from genital warts to cervical dysplasia. Low-risk HPV variants such as types 6 and 11 are responsible for most cases of benign genital warts (condylomata acuminate). Although genital warts are benign, they are also highly contagious through intimate contact. High-risk variants of HPV such as 16 and 18 are associated with an increased risk for cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. A DNA test is available to determine if an individual is infected with a high-risk variant of HPV. A pap test is also useful for detecting abnormal changes in cervical tissue that may be a precursor to cervical cancer. A highly effective vaccine is available against high-risk HPV strains and is recommended for all young boys and girls 11–12 years of age.
Comparison of the Treatment Results for Behçet Uveitis in Patients Treated with Infliximab and Interferon
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Nilüfer Yalçindag, Helin Ceren Köse
Sixteen patients of IFX group (80%) responded to therapy (Table 5). After achieving remission, five patients were discontinued to IFX treatment. Three of these patients were switched to azathioprine or cyclosporine-A and two of them were switched to adalimumab after remission due to the recommendation of their rheumatologists. Three patients developed major side effects and switched to IFNα-2a therapy. One patient had direct reactions to the infusion, including hives, nausea and fever, and demonstrated signs of anaphylactic shock. One patient developed drug-induced lupus associated with IFX. A female patient developed genital warts caused by the human papillomavirus (Table 5). After switching to IFNα-2a, patients nonresponder to IFX therapy did not have any uveitis relapses. Two patients were lost to follow-up after 13 and 24 months of treatment.
Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in genital warts among women in Harare-Zimbabwe
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
N. R. Manyere, R. S. Dube Mandishora, T. Magwali, F. Mtisi, K. Mataruka, B. Mtede, J. M. Palefsky, Z. M. Chirenje
Generally, the high prevalence of HPV DNA in genital warts agrees with literature from some European and African studies. In a French study, EDiTH IV (Aubin et al. 2008), the prevalence of HPV DNA was 99% and in Cape Town- South Africa it was 93.8% (Tayib et al. 2015). In our study we observed a higher prevalence of HPV 11 (47%) than of HPV 6 (42%). This is similar to the findings of the study done in South Africa where they found a prevalence of 53% for HPV 11 and 39% for HPV 6 (Tayib et al. 2015). This South-African study had a similar HIV prevalence (78.8%) to our study. The HPV genotype prevalence in genital warts reported above is not consistent with studies from Western and Asian countries which found the proportion of HPV 6 to be much higher than that of HPV 11 in genital warts (Aubin et al. 2008, Chang et al. 2013, Yew et al. 2013). HPV 6 and 11 were detected in 83% of patients in our study. This compares well with findings from other studies (Chang et al. 2013, Yew et al. 2013). The significance of other HPV types in genital warts is not clear.
Intralesional immunotherapy for the treatment of anogenital warts in pediatric population
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Ahmad Nofal, Rania Alakad
Anogenital warts in children can be caused by both mucosotropic types HPV 6 and 11 and cutaneotropic types HPV 1 and 2 along with a variety of other HPV types such as types 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 45, and 56 (9). Careful evaluation of the anogenital region for signs of sexual abuse in children with genital warts is mandatory e.g. vaginal/penile or anal bleeding, discharge, lacerations, bruises, enuresis, etc (10).. If abuse is suspected, screening for other sexually transmitted infections should be performed. A detailed history should be taken and a thorough physical examination of the parents should be done to detect any genital and non-genital warts. Determination of abuse in children is difficult due unpredictable latent period of genital warts and different modes of transmission in children (2).