Urethra and Penis
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Genital herpes is caused by sexual transmission of the herpes simplex virus (usually HSV-2, occasionally HSV-1). Infection is lifelong with recurrent symptomatic attacks occuring in 50% or more of cases. Pain along the distribution of the sensory nerve, usually the genitofemoral nerve, precedes the eruption by 2 days and may be particularly severe around the anus. A group of tiny vesicles rapidly erodes to form shallow ulcers, which are painful. The first attack occurs around 4 days after exposure and is typically accompanied by fever, myalgia and inguinal lymphadenopathy. In female patients, the ulcers often spread on to the thighs during the attack. Involvement of the urethra may cause retention of urine, which may persist for up to 14 days if there is radiculitis of the S2 and S3 nerve roots.
Venereal diseases
Dinesh Kumar Jain in Homeopathy, 2022
Genital Herpes is a virus infection and is generally transmitted by sexual contact. Genital herpes is marked by clusters of small painful blisters on the genitals. After a few days, these blisters burst leaving small ulcers in their place. Almost all cases are marked by painful burning at the site of blister formation. Other relatively common symptoms include pain or burning during urination, discharge from the urethra or vagina, but these all tend to disappear within one or two weeks. If generalized symptoms appear, they diminish gradually over the first week of the infection. After the blisters burst, lesions usually heal in one to two weeks. Skin lesions last an average of 16–20 days, although the blisters disappear and the ulcers heal spontaneously. Many people have recurrent episodes of genital herpes varying in frequency from once a month to once every few years. People who suffer from herpes find that repeat herpes attacks tend to resolve completely after a few years (Masters et al., 1986, pp. 536–543).
Vulvar therapies
Miranda A. Farage, Howard I. Maibach in The Vulva, 2017
Antiviral therapy for recurrent genital herpes can be administered either episodically or continuously for disease suppression. Effective episodic treatment of recurrent herpes is most effective if initiated within 1 day of lesion onset, or during the prodrome, if possible (52). Episodic treatment decreases the time to active disease resolution and duration of shedding by 1–2 days (84). Each of the recommended drugs has been shown to be effective in RCTs (85–87). Recommended regimens include acyclovir (400 mg three times a day for 5 days or 800 mg BID for 5 days), famciclovir (125 mg BID for 5 days), or valacyclovir (500 mg BID for 3–5 days or 1 g daily for 5 days) (52). A RCT indicated that a 3-day course of valacyclovir 500 mg twice daily is as effective as a 5-day course (88). Though these drugs are equally efficacious, acyclovir is the least expensive, and cost should be considered when choosing agents for prolonged therapy. Clinicians should counsel patients about how to identify recurrences and should provide a supply of antiviral medication for future use.
Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Vindya Nilakshi Wijesinghe, Isra Ahmad Farouk, Nur Zawanah Zabidi, Ashwini Puniyamurti, Wee Sim Choo, Sunil Kumar Lal
HSV-1 and HSV-2-related diseases vary in location and severity, with the most common being oral and genital herpes, respectively, followed by ocular herpes, neonatal herpes, and eczema herpeticum [9]. Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by either HSV-1 or HSV-2 infections [22]; however, those acquired via HSV-2 are relatively more frequent, despite increasing numbers caused by HSV-1 over the years [13]. James et al. [23] reported a global approximation of 500 million individuals living with genital herpes in the year 2016, with ~776,000 new cases arising each year in the United States alone [24]. Females have an increased susceptibility compared to males due to easy transmission from men to women during penile-vaginal intercourse [25]. Furthermore, asymptomatic individuals increase the chances of virus transmission from person to person.
Immunotoxins and nanobody-based immunotoxins: review and update
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh, Jafar Sharifi, Fatemeh Safari, Bahman Akbari
Herpes simplex virus serotype2 (HSV-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that causes genital herpes disease. HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) is an antigen essential for virus entry into cells and cell-to-cell spread. Therefore, targeting of HSV-2 infected cells by anti-gD2 IT may lead to blocking virus cell-to-cell transmission. After immunisation of a llama with recombinant gD2, an anti-gD2 Nb (R33) was generated. The affinity of R33 to gD2-positive cell line (Z4/6) was confirmed with flow cytometry assays. Because of the ability of the R33 Nb to neutralise the virus-infected cells, R33ExoA IT was produced. The recombinant R33ExoA expressed and cytotoxic activity in HSV-2 infected cells line confirmed in vitro date shown nanomolar range [162].
Potential of mucoadhesive chitosan glutamate microparticles as microbicide carriers – antiherpes activity and penetration behavior across the human vaginal epithelium
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Emilia Szymańska, Małgorzata Krzyżowska, Krzysztof Cal, Barbara Mikolaszek, Jakub Tomaszewski, Sławomir Wołczyński, Katarzyna Winnicka
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including bacterial, viral, and parasites infections are relevant and still existing public health issues worldwide (Shannon & Klausner, 2018; Seña et al., 2020; World Health Organization, 2021). In recent years, the prevalence of genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1/2) has gradually increased, and resistance to conventional antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir) has been reported (McQuillan et al., 2018). HSV increases the risk of HIV acquisition by forming breaches in the genital epithelium and creating a state of chronic inflammation. It should be noted that HSV is able to reactivate periodically, allowing the transmission to occur, even in the absence of clinical symptoms (Sauerbrei, 2016). At present, the conventional treatment (by oral acyclovir and its analogues) does not cure but basically help to reduce the duration and severity of recurrent genital herpes. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel strategies aiming at preventing either new infection or frequent recurrence of HSV episodes.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blister
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- Ulcer
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- Sexual Activity
- Anal Sex