Nutritional Disorders/Alternative Medicine
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Food poisoning involves gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption of foods or drink, usually due to salmonella or an enterotoxin. Foods, water or milk can also be carriers for the enteric (intestinal) fevers—typhoid or paratyphoid—caused by Salmonella organisms. Bacillary dysentery (Shigella) and cholera (Vibrio cholerae) are other bacterial diseases spread through food or drinking water. Amebic dysentery, caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, is transmitted by water or uncooked foods contaminated with human feces. The term traveler's diarrhea refers to the gastrointestinal disorder that occurs from strains of enterobacteria to which immunities have not been developed.
The large intestine
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Entamoeba histolytica has a worldwide distribution and is transmitted mainly in contaminated drinking water. It can cause colonic ulcers, which are described as ‘bottlenecked' because they have considerably undermined edges. The ulcers typically also have a yellow necrotic floor, from which blood and pus exude. In the majority of cases they are confined to the distal sigmoid colon and the rectum. Clinically amoebia- sis can mimic UC, most commonly causing bloody diarrhoea, but more severe colonic complications can occur, including severe haemorrhage, stricture formation or perforation. A pericolitis is not uncommon and results in adhesions and may cause intestinal obstruction. Amoebiasis may cause liver abscesses or an amoebic mass (‘amoeboma') of the caecum or sigmoid which is difficult to distinguish from a carcinoma. Surgery is fraught with danger as the bowel is extremely friable.
Protozoa
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly in The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Entamoeba histolytica is a gastrointestinal parasite spread through the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated food or water (Petri and Rashidul 2015). Approximately 80% of the cases are asymptomatic, and when symptoms appear, they are often mild with diarrhea (CDC 2015a). However, in some cases, amebic dysentery may develop with more severe symptoms of bloody diarrhea, amebic colitis, and liver abscess (Petri and Rashidul 2015). Approximately 34–50 million symptomatic cases occur worldwide each year with approximately 100,000 deaths (Petri and Rashidul 2015). It is most common in tropical areas of the developing world and associated with poverty and poor sanitation (CDC 2015a). Young children and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk (Petri and Rashidul 2015).
The management of Babesia, amoeba and other zoonotic diseases provoked by protozoa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Clemente Capasso, Claudiu T. Supuran
Entamoeba histolytica is a pseudopod-forming, non-flagellated protozoan parasite that can cause amebiasis when a person becomes infected with it [35]. Amebiasis is more prevalent in those countries with tropical and subtropical locations and poor sanitation (Africa, Mexico, parts of South America, and India), although everybody may be at risk [36,37]. When viewed through a microscope, certain parasites can appear strikingly similar to E. histolytica, making diagnosis rather challenging [35]. Amebiasis can cause no symptoms at all, or it can progress to a severe illness characterized by amebic colitis (inflammation of the colon) and amebic liver abscess [36]. In the developing world, where diarrhea is the third largest cause of mortality among children under the age of 5 (accounting for 9% of all fatalities in this age group), amebic colitis is one of the top 15 causes of diarrhea in the first two years of life [36,38]. Fulminant amebic colitis is the most severe and life-threatening complication of amebiasis, presenting with bloody diarrhea, fever, leukocytosis, and stomach pain. Necrosis, toxic megacolon, perforation, and peritonitis may also occur [39].
Association of Helicobacter pylori and protozoal parasites in patients with chronic diarrhoea
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2018
J Yakoob, Z Abbas, R Khan, K Tariq, S Awan, MA Beg
In developing countries, co-infections with different pathogens are common, and are attributable the feco-oral transmission of bacterial and parasite pathogens brought about by the poor quality of the water consumed by the population at large living in unhygienic conditions, i.e. overcrowding, poor toilet facilities, and absence of quality health care [1]. The prevalence of intestinal parasites such as Blastocystis sp, Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba sp., etc. has been estimated as 53% in children residing in an urban slum of a metropolitan city of Karachi, Pakistan [2]. Symptoms of abdominal discomfort and or pain, nausea and irregular bowel habit such as diarrhoea are associated with Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis sp and G. duodenalis infection. Amoebiasis is a faecal-oral route transmitted infection with the amoebas of the Entamoeba group. The symptoms of amoebiasis vary in severity from mild to severe and include loose stools, abdominal cramping, and abdominal pain. These are usually associated with infection by E. histolytica, but there are also reports of Entamoeba moshkovskii infection [3,4]. Microscopically, E. moshkovskii, Entamoeba dispar and E. histolytica are indistinguishable and require PCR test using specific primers for differentiation.
Diloxanide furoate binary complexes with β-, methyl-β-, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins: inclusion mode, characterization in solution and in solid state and in vitro dissolution studies
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Carolina Aloisio, Marcela Longhi
Phase solubility studies indicated the formation of 1:1 drug:CD complexes at low concentrations of ligand, and the highest stability constant and solubility enhancement was determined for the DF:MβCD system. NMR experiments demonstrated the inclusion of DF into the CD cavity of MβCD and HPβCD, and an exclusion complex with βCD. Also, the differences between the PM and the FDS FT IR and thermal analysis profiles suggested the formation of genuine inclusion complexes of DF with MβCD and HPβCD and an exclusion complex with βCD when they are prepared by means of lyophilization. It is worth highlighting that characterization studies that confirm the formation of a complex between DF and βCD, MβCD, or HPβCD have been poor so far with regard to DF:CD complexes. In this work the mode interactions of DF with βCD, MβCD, and HPβCD were successfully determined, and solid state characterization of DF:CD complexes was properly performed. Besides, in vitro dissolution studies, conducted in SGF followed by SIF, provided a comprehensive perspective of the dissolution behavior of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract. It was demonstrated that the complexation with βCD, MβCD, and HPβCD resulted in an increased dissolution rate of DF from the FDS, suggesting the formation of complexes with solubilities higher than the plain drug. This fact is substantially important to avoid the precipitation of DF in the intestinal lumen, since this is the site of infection of Entamoeba histolytica; full bioavailability of the drug is needed to achieve the therapeutic effectiveness.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaerobic Organism
- Entamoeba
- Trophozoite
- Pathogenesis
- Lesion
- Amoebiasis
- Histolysis
- Microbial Cyst
- Liver Abscess
- Ameboma