Manufacturing arthropod and mammalian allergen extracts
Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford in Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
The allergenicity of house dust has been known for many years. However, it was not until the mid-1960s that it became clear that house dust mites were the main source of house dust mite allergens [22]. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae are considered the most important house dust mite species and have a global distribution. The allergenicity of other species, such as Blomia tropicalis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, has also been demonstrated. Extracts of these species are also commercially available in many countries. It is now firmly established that D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae are some of the most important sources of clinically relevant allergens worldwide. The material harvested from large-scale cultures is used to prepare mite extracts for diagnosis and immunotherapy of mite-allergic individuals. Kilogram quantities of mite cultures are harvested yearly, and millions of individuals are diagnosed with allergen extracts and treated with mite vaccines worldwide.
Molecular Diagnosis in Contact Urticaria Caused by Proteins
Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach in Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Numerous house dust allergens have been described (around 23), and it seems that the IgE frequency of individual allergens may show high variability at least in certain populations.[43] The commercially available allergens are rDer f 1 (Dermatophagoides farinae), rDer f 2 (Dermatophagoides farinae), nDer p 1 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), and nDer p 2 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) from pyroglyphidae mites, and rBlo t 5 (Blomia tropicalis), rLep d 2, (Leydugliphus destructor), and rEur m 2 (Euroglyphus maynei). Der p 10 (tropomyosin) is a minor allergen in mite-allergic patients; however, it may still indicate a risk for allergic reactions to shellfish or snail, which can be severe.[27,28]
The Child With Wheeze
Michael B O’Neill, Michelle Mary Mcevoy, Alf J Nicholson, Terence Stephenson, Stephanie Ryan in Diagnosing and Treating Common Problems in Paediatrics, 2017
Parents are keen to modify the environment to reduce asthma symptoms and lessen the need for medication usage. The impact of environment modification is modest at best. Parents whose child is allergic to house dust mite may choose to use a barrier bed-covering system and use high-temperature washing of bed linen. The removal of soft toys from the bedroom is helpful. The value of removing carpets is uncertain but is frequently chosen by parents. The bedroom should be well ventilated except if the child has pollen and grass allergies. Pet allergies to cats and dogs occur frequently. These pets should not be allowed in the child’s bedroom and if possible should remain outside the home. If a pet triggers the child’s asthma symptoms then it is prudent to remove the animal from the home. If grasses trigger the child’s symptoms then the child should be indoors when the grass is being cut.
Outdoor air pollutants exposure associated with pulmonary function and EBC pH value in atopic asthmatic and non-asthmatic children
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Kuo-Wei Yeh, Chi-Tsung Chen, Pei-Chen Lee, Jing-Long Huang, Dah-Chin Yan, Li-Chen Chen, Syh-Jae Lin, Tsung-Chieh Yao, Chih-Da Wu, Gwo-Hwa Wan
The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level, an indicator of airway inflammation, is associated with personal characteristics and environmental factors. Higher FeNO levels were found in asthmatic children than in healthy children (12,13), and asthmatic children treated with steroids had lower FeNO levels than asthmatic children without steroid treatment (14). A previous study indicated that outdoor O3 concentration was associated with the FeNO level in asthmatic children (8). However, no relationship between daily maximum 8-h O3 exposure (range 1.1 − 56.4 ppb) and the level of FeNO was found in asthmatic children (11). Similar results also found in a French study (10). Additionally, the predominant house dust mite species include Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (15). The Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 1) allergen is prevalent for dust mite allergy (16). The highest level of Der p 1 allergen was found on the tops of mattresses in the homes of asthmatic children in the US (17) and Taiwan (18). Also, Der p 1 allergen was detected on the floors of kitchens and bedrooms in the homes of asthmatic children (17–19). Moreover, the FeNO level of asthmatic children was positively associated with the Der p 1 concentration in homes and schools (20).
Safety profile of the SQ house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy-tablet in Japanese adult patients with house dust mite-induced allergic asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I study
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2019
Kazuhiro Okamiya, Hisakuni Sekino, Ryuji Azuma, Minoru Kudo, Miyuki Sakaguchi, Fumi Nemoto, Naoki Muramatsu, Yuriko Maekawa, Akihiko Tanaka
House dust mites (HDMs), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) and Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae), are the most common indoor allergens. Allergy to indoor allergens are more often related to allergic asthma, whereas outdoor allergens are more commonly connected with allergic rhinitis (AR) [5]. Furthermore, sensitization to HDM constitutes a higher risk for development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness than sensitization to pollens [6]. Accordingly, many patients with asthma are sensitized to HDM. Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment option that can provide a disease-modifying effect currently [7,8] and, thus, has the potential for reducing the need for asthma pharmacotherapy and providing sustained benefit after terminating AIT.
FeNO level and allergy status among school children in Terengganu, Malaysia
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2020
Aminnuddin Ma'pol, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Dan Norbäck, Gunilla Weislander, Zailina Hashim, Zaleha Md Isa
Demographic data, characteristics, and FeNO level among students are shown in Table 1. A total of 487 students (76.1%) completed the questionnaire, 370 (57.8%) managed to obtained written consent to performed skin prick testing and 365 (57.0%) of them managed to produce an acceptable FeNO reading. Students with elevated FeNO level were 140 (38.4%), while 82 (23.0%) had clinical allergy to both HDM and cat with increased FeNO (>20 ppb) level. Majority (99.0%) were Malays; 182 (37.4%) were male and half of them went to school in urban areas. There were only 18 current smokers (3.7%) but 260 (53.4%) reported exposure to cigarette smoke at home (ETS). Prevalence of overweight or obesity was 17.1%. The geometric mean FeNO for all subjects was 16.7 ppb with ±2.0 ppb GSD. Prevalence of asthma and having asthma diagnosed by a certified medical doctor was 11.1% and 8.4%, respectively. Majority had allergy to house dust mites allergens (HDM), namely Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 1) 34.3% and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f 1) 32.7% (Table 2). Prevalence of allergy to HDM or cat was 40.3% (145). Calculated sensitivity and specificity for reported cat allergy were 12.5% and 95.5%, respectively.
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