Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Vivek Lal in A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Dengue virus is a flavivirus. Aedes mosquitos are responsible for its transmission in humans. The clinical spectrum of dengue fever ranges from mild self-limiting febrile disorder to severe life-threatening clinical syndromes, like dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Ophthalmological complications, in dengue fever, occur in the form of subconjunctival hemorrhage, anterior uveitis, vitritis, retinal hemorrhages, retinochoroiditis, choroidal effusion, panophthalmitis and optic neuropathies.26 The reported incidence of optic neuropathy in dengue is up to 1.5%.27 Optic nerve involvement manifests with optic neuritis, optic disc swelling or neuroretinitis. Vision loss is often self-limiting.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
James H. S. Gear in CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
The severe form of dengue virus infection, until very recently, has been seen mainly in Asian children. The terms used to describe clinical responses are dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and, in the more severe cases, dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The distinguishing physiological feature of the milder vs. the more severe syndromes is increased vascular permeability. In addition, in all of the latter cases there is evidence of altered hemostasis, the most regular feature being thrombocytopenia. According to a World Health Organization committee, DHF is defined as a dengue illness with a platelet count of less than 100,000 mm3 and hematocrit 20% or greater than recovery value; DSS is a subset of DHF accompanied by hypotension or a pulse pressure (diastolic minus systolic value) of less than 20 mm Hg.1
Curcumin and Neglected Infectious Diseases
Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay in Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Similar results have been observed in the treatment of Dengue virus, as recently evaluated through an in vitro infection model (Padilla et al. 2014, Ichsyani et al. 2017). In particular, cells infected with Dengue virus type 2 were incubated with various concentrations of curcumin (1) for 24 hr. Treatment with 10, 15, and 20 μM were found to decrease the number of viral plaques and to produce an intracellular accumulation of viral proteins. Additionally, changes in cell and nuclear morphology, as well as alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, were also observed when curcumin (1) was used at a concentration of 20 μM, although these actions do not seem to determine direct effects on the production of viral particles. These data highlight the possible role of curcumin (1) in interfering with several cellular mechanisms, including the apoptosis process, in the event of Dengue virus and other viral infections (Padmanaban and Rangarajan 2016).
Dengue: a growing threat requiring vaccine development for disease prevention
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Sandra Bos, Gilles Gadea, Philippe Despres
Dengue virus circulates in many parts of the world, impacting most tropical and subtropical countries. Millions of people are affected each year and global dengue incidence has dramatically increased in recent decades. Dengue fever is a flu-like illness that usually heals after three to seven days. However, dengue disease sometimes causes life-threatening complications. Although dengue disease has been twice classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 and in 2009, severe disease prediction and monitoring still remain unsatisfactory. In addition, the burden of dengue disease represents a real threat to affected countries, some of which are facing economic difficulties. An efficient prophylactic vaccine strategy is urgently needed to tackle dengue infections worldwide. We hope that this work, by reviewing the global trends of dengue virus epidemiology, biology, and clinical disease, will help to better understand current vaccination strategies.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a 2.5-year-old boy with dengue infection: a rare complication
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2020
Rajasekhar Reddy Gogireddy, Vasanth Kumar, Suchitra Ranjit, Rajeswari Natraj, Priyavarthini Venkatachalapathy, Indira Jayakumar, Saravanan Margabandhu
A 2.5-year-old boy with no significant past history was admitted to Apollo Children’s Hospital, Chennai with a 5-day history of fever. Dengue fever was suspected and was confirmed by the detection of NS1 (non-structural protein 1) antigen and IgM antibodies for dengue virus. On Day 1 of hospitalisation, his sensorium deteriorated with a drop in the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) to 9/15 associated with a rapid fall of the platelet count from 188 to 14 (×109/L). He remained haemodynamically stable with no evidence of shock, bleeding or abnormal serum electrolytes. Because of the low GCS, he was intubated for airway protection. Computed tomography of the brain was normal but magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated diffuse cerebral oedema and altered signal intensities involving the pons, mid-brain, thalamus bilaterally and capsulo-ganglionic region. Electroencephalography was suggestive of bilateral diffuse cerebral dysfunction. In view of the cerebral oedema and severe thrombocytopenia, lumbar puncture was not performed. As dengue encephalopathy was suspected, the child was managed in the paediatric intensive care unit with neuroprotective measures.
Dengue Fever Presenting as Purtscher-like Retinopathy
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Luiz H. Lima, Silvana Vianello, Sérgio Pimentel, Gabriel Costa de Andrade, Claudio Zett, Léo Muller, Michel E. Farah, Rubens Belfort
Dengue fever is a type of flavivirus infection transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, usually by its predominant vector, Aedes aegypti. There are four serotypes of dengue virus, and the disease is generally found in the tropical areas of the world. Dengue is classically a self-limiting infection characterized by an acute onset of fever in conjunction with severe malaise, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, anorexia retroorbital, and cutaneous rash. Symptoms are reported from 3 to 14 days after the viral infection. Several consecutive infections with other dengue serotypes may increase the risk of severe systemic disease that are life threatening, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome.1–3 Although the diagnosis of dengue is usually made by clinical symptoms, the infection confirmation is performed with laboratory tests. During the first five days of illness, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, or viral antigens may be used for diagnosis confirmation. After this initial period, immunoglobulin M (IgM) or immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme immunoassays should be used because of reduced systemic viral load.1,4,5
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