Water-related insect vectors of disease *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
RVF outbreaks have occurred in several sub-Saharan African countries as well as in the Arabian Peninsula, and many other countries in Africa that have been spared a significant outbreak have reported isolated cases or serological evidence of presence of the virus. RVF remains endemic in southern and eastern Africa, largely because the vectors are capable of transovarial (parent-to-offspring) transmission of the virus. Virus is passed into the eggs of Aedes mosquitoes, as shown by the detection of virus in adult male and female Aedes lineatopennis reared in the lab from field-collected specimens in Kenya (Linthicum et al., 1985). Other Aedes mosquitoes have this capability as well; therefore where Aedes is the dominant vector, epidemics occur following rainfall-induced increases in mosquito abundance. However, some vectors of the virus, such as Culex mosquitoes that act as primary vectors in Egypt and Arabia, are not capable of transovarial transmission. Hence, the occurrence of an epidemic in those areas requires reintroduction of the virus through transport of infected animals or wind-borne transport of mosquitoes (Gerdes, 2004).
Introduction to the West Indies: filariasis and malaria in St Lucia and Dominica (January–May 1901)
Gordon C Cook in Caribbean Diseases, 2018
I also send you in a different bottle a tumour from the ear of a native – I think just an ordinary fibroid. These 2 bottles I have sent to your house. I have also sent a box of mosquitos to Rees [seeLetter III] at the school. They are of interest and you might get them classified. There are specimens of Culex Taeniatus, Anopheles albipes, 2 species of a brown mosquito one larger than the other; the smaller of the 2 is Culex fatigans. The larger you might get Theobald [seeLetter IV] to name. There are also 2 very minute mosquitos I think of a genus quite different. I think they are new. They are very small black in colour, hind torsi white with a peculiar proboscis. They may only be a small species of culex but I think they are probably different. I think the 2 brown mosquitos are undoubtedly different. I want specially the name of the big one as I am going at him for the filaria Demarquaii [sic].
St. Louis Encephalitis
Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek in Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus are highly domestic mosquito species that prefer the interior of houses or their surroundings. A higher infection risk has been observed in houses without mosquito nets or air conditioning, with more cases in women, probably due to the latter’s exposition to the peridomestic vector (Marfin et al. 1993; Monath 1980; Tsai et al. 1988). Nevertheless, in the epidemics that occurred in Florida in 1990, people with outdoor occupations had the highest risk of infection (Meehan et al. 2000). In the west of the USA, where the virus is transmitted by Culex tarsalis, rural work is a risk factor and the case rate is higher in men (Reisen and Chiles 1997). A serological survey performed during the Florida epidemic in the 1990s indicated that infection rates were highest in people with outdoor occupations. In that case, health warnings, closing recreational parks such as Walt Disney World at night, and the use of personal protection seemed to reduce infection rates (Meehan et al. 2000).
Entomological factors in relation to the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in Malkangiri district, Odisha State, India
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Sonia Thankachy, Smrutidhara Dash, Sudhansu Sekhar Sahu
A total of 3,085 adult mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 24 species of two genera; Culex (8 species) and Anopheles (16 species), out of which 2132 (69.1%) were Culex mosquitoes and 953 (30.9%) were Anopheles mosquitoes. Among Culex species, Cx. vishnui (42.1%) was predominant followed by Cx. whitmorei (19.0%), Cx. fuscocephalus (15.0%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (12.2%), Cx. bitaeniorhynchus (6.7%), Cx. quinquefasciatus (2.5%) and Cx. gelidus (2.4%). There was only one Cx. fuscitarsis collected during the study period. Out of the 16 Anopheles species, An. nigerrimus (48.3%) was predominant followed by An. vagus (13.3%), An. subpictus (11.8%), An. barbirostris (10.9%), An. pallidus (5.5%), An. culicifacies (3.6%), An. splendidus (2.2%), An. annularis (1.9%), An. jeyporiensis (0.8%), An. jamesii (0.6%), An. maculatus (0.4%), An. ramsayi (0.2%), An. varuna (0.2%), An. tessellatus (0.1%), An. theobaldi (0.1%) and An. aconitus (0.1%).
West Nile virus and other mosquito-borne viruses present in Eastern Europe
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Sebastián Napp, Dusan Petrić, Núria Busquets
Culex pipiens is widespread in the Holarctic region, and it is found in all 13 countries of EE included in the study (Table 3). This species comprises two morphologically identical biotypes, pipiens and molestus, as well as their hybrids. No comprehensive data of the occurrence of biotypes pipiens, molestus and their hybrids throughout EE region is available. The two biotypes and the hybrid form of Cx. pipiens are all morphologically similar to Cx. torrentium with whom are sympatric in much of Central, Eastern and Northern Europe [95]. Cx. pipiens larvae can inhabit nearly every kind of water collection, artificial and natural, even tolerating a small amount of salinity. This species can develop up to several generations per year depending on climatic conditions.
Temephos, an organophosphate larvicide for residential use: a review of its toxicity
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Juan Pablo Martínez-Mercado, Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo, Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt, Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García, Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega
Despite its widespread use over five decades, the results displayed in the search surprisingly showed a scant number of studies related to the toxicokinetics of temephos in mammals, including humans. Most papers (n = 651) are related to its use and the resistance, susceptibility, or toxicity of temephos to some mosquito species, such as Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., and Culex spp. Thus, 25 studies about the toxicokinetics and toxicity of temephos in mammals were considered the basis for this review, including the first ones published in the 1960s and the documents from the regulatory agencies. Table 1 shows the literature regarding cholinesterase inhibition and in Table 2, the literature organized by topic (toxicokinetics, DNA, hepatic, neurologic, and reproductive effects).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Arbovirus
- Avian Malaria
- Metamorphosis
- West Nile Virus
- Mosquito
- Disease Vector
- Japanese Encephalitis
- Saint Louis Encephalitis
- Filariasis
- Zika Virus