Hazards associated with the microbiological contamination of cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile pharmaceuticals
R. M. Baird, S. F. Bloomfield in Microbial quality assurance in cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2017
Communal oral preparations can become involved in the spread of infection. There is circumstantial evidence that peppermint water acted as a vector of P. aeruginosa in a hospital ward (Shooter et al. 1969) and an outbreak of septicaemia in an oncology ward was caused by use of a thymol mouthwash contaminated with P. aeruginosa (Stephenson et al. 1984). An extensive microbiological survey of patients and environment in a newly refurbished intensive care unit highlighted the importance of the oral route in the colonization of patients by Gram-negative bacteria. Mouthwashes and feeds were found to be heavily contaminated with epidemic strains of coliforms. Episodes of cross-infection occurred in the unit although very limited clinical infection associated with the investigated strains were seen (Millership et al. 1986).
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Adam T. Hill, F. X. Emmanuel, W.H.B. Wallace in Pulmonary Infection, 2004
The aetiological agents involved in hospital-acquired pneumonia are related to the origin of the infection. Cross- infection, from other patients or health care workers, involves viruses such as influenza A or B, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and, more recently, SARS coronavirus. Diagnosis is rapid by immunofluorescence tests or specific molecular probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistant Gram-negative bacilli (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., antibiotic- resistant 'coliforms') may also be acquired by cross-infection and may cause pneumonia in vulnerable patients, e.g. ventilated patients or neutropenic patients. Infections can also arise from the hospital environment. Legionella pneumophila commonly originates from faulty hospital water and ventilation systems, Aspergillus fumigatus from airborne contamination, and resistant Gram-negative organisms from contaminated equipment.
Employing staff
Mervyn J. Bright, Sau-Kee Li in Making Sense of Dental Practice Finance, 2017
The main issues affecting the GDP are Fire regulations.First-aid and resuscitation procedures.Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH).The reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurences (RIDDOR) regulations (1989).Electricity at work regulations (1989).Water regulations.Pressure systems/transportable gas container regulations.Laser regulations.Cross-infection control measures.Ionizing radiation regulations (1988).
A Review on 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Ophthalmology
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Masood Bagheri, Zahra Rashe, Ahad Jafari
Mostly ophthalmologic centers are extremely crowded (maybe due to aging population that are at higher risk of infection) and commonly patients have to stay for a long time in the ophthalmic clinics to complete the whole examination that maybe involve multiple investigations such as visual acuity measurement, pupillary dilatation and paraclinic imaging. All these factors increase the likelihood of cross-infection, between patients and patient-health workers. Also patient-physician close contact during ophthalmic examination (slit lamp exam, direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy, and even paraclinic procedures) on one hand and consideration of conjunctivitis as probable initially symptoms on the other hand may put ophthalmologists at higher risk of 2019-nCoV infectious. Respiratory droplets followed by coughing and sneezing can be spread for up to 6 m,37 a range that definitely exceeds the distance between the patient-ophthalmologist. Some reports declared patient-to-health workers transmission of 2019-nCoV even in the presence of isolation efforts in medical feasibility without eye protection.38,39
A systematic review of implications, mechanisms, and stability of in vivo emergent resistance to colistin and tigecycline in Acinetobacter baumannii
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
The fitness cost associated with colistin resistance may result in re-emergence of colistin-susceptible A. baumannii after withdrawal of colistin, as demonstrated in 7 patients.26,29,33,42 The mechanisms of loss of colistin resistance were examined in one study by whole genome sequencing and comparison of sequential A. baumanni isolates from the same patients (susceptible before exposure to colistin, resistant during treatment, and susceptible after withdrawal of colistin).26 In all cases emergent resistance was due to mutations in pmrB. The loss of resistance following withdrawal of colistin resulted from; a) additional compensatory mutations in pmr genes (1 case), b) re-emergence of the ancestral susceptible strain based on an identical pmr genotype (2 cases), c) cross-infection by a different strain (1 case).
The lessons of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS: Implications for preventive strategies
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2022
Yuliya Semenova, Varvara Trenina, Lyudmila Pivina, Natalya Glushkova, Yersin Zhunussov, Erlan Ospanov, Geir Bjørklund
Three stages should be considered in the process of cross-species transmission: (A) single cases of initial infection with no subsequent spreading; (B) localized infection spreading within a new host population; and (C) outbreak of infection in a new host population [26]. Various interfering factors might influence any of these stages, including the length and the depth of contact between infection reservoir and incidental host, individual susceptibility of an incidental host to a new pathogen, pathogen aggressiveness in relation to a new host, and other factors that enable successful pathogen transmission and adaptation to a new host population [27]. It is impossible to anticipate all the factors that can make an incidental host susceptible to a new pathogen as cross-species transmission occurs even in unrelated hosts. On the one hand, the evolutionary affiliation of the hosts might make cross-species transmission easier. On the other hand, the frequency and the duration of contact between the hosts might be more critical. Moreover, closely affiliated species may have cross-immunity to many pathogens or even have congenital immunity to certain pathogen groups [28].