Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Era of COVID-19 to Improve Hospital Management
Adarsh Garg, D. P. Goyal in Global Healthcare Disasters, 2023
The respiratory illness caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus known as COVID-19. It has become pandemic and is a challenge all over the world. The most crucial challenge of this pandemic is the management of COVID-19 patients’ urgency of critical respiratory care. Based on the need of this situation, an AI-based model was developed to enhance the critical care of COVID-19 patients. A review of available literature was carried out like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, etc. More and more clinicians and engineers are working rigorously on a vaccine, testing facilities, and monitoring systems. This chapter highlights the opportunities gained through the use of AI methods for diagnosis and prognosis system. Major efforts of the healthcare system to fight COVID-19 using AI-based decision-making system would support in management of the critically ill patients with COVID-19 more efficiently. By gathering, categorizing, and studying of clinical information from the large number of patients are approaching to diagnosis and decide toward treatment process.
An Overview of COVID-19 Treatment
Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga in The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
The early spread of COVID-19 pandemic for tending to respiratory disability was the oxygen treatment because there is no antibody and definitive antiviral treatment suggested for COVID-19 to date. Non-obtrusive (NIV) and intrusive mechanical ventilation (IMV) might be important hard-headed to oxygen treatment in instances of a respiratory disorder. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is one of the COVID complications that harm the lungs. It provokes the clinicians to investigate the condition for managing respiratory disappointment [12–16]. In critical patients, acetaminophen via nasal cannula as oxygen supportive therapy for fever control should be given. In SpO 2 above 97 or 94, the patient suffered from mild to moderate disease; in SpO2 ≤ 90, the patient has a high degree of infection and depends on the mechanical ventilator to maintain the level of O2 in the body. If the white blood cell count is high, antibiotics should be given because sometimes bacterial and viral pneumonia show the same symptoms. Currently, no specific anti-COVID treatment is recommended. Third-generation antibiotics such as cephalosporins may be used in case of mixed infection [17].
Molecular Pathophysiology and the Clinical Presentation of COVID-19
Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus known to cause a type of severe acute respiratory illness called COVID-19. There are basically two ways by which a pathogen gains entry inside the respiratory tract, one is through the nasopharyngeal route and the other is through the oropharyngeal route. When any respiratory pathogen, be it a bacteria, a fungus, or a virus (in this case, SARS-CoV-2) enters the upper respiratory tract, it first makes contact with the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa. Anatomically, the nasopharynx is one of the routes that creates a connection between the outside environment and the host's respiratory system. The intelligence of the body knows that there is a good chance that pathogenic microorganisms may try to gain entry to the respiratory tract through this route. So, strong innate and adaptive immune components are present throughout this system. When a respiratory pathogen enters the nasopharynx, the cellular intelligence recognizes the threat and initiates protective responses like watery discharge from the nostrils, the sneezing reflex, increased secretion of mucus from the nose, and the swelling of nasal polyps giving rise to a collection of responses that cause discomfort in the upper respiratory tract.
An investigation of the effects of dual-task balance exercises on balance, functional status and dual-task performance in children with Down syndrome
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Neslinur Merve Büyükçelik, Sedat Yiğit, Begümhan Turhan
Since our study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, the participants have not been involved in any exercise and physiotherapy program recently. Our study was initiated during gradual lifting of COVID-19 restrictions when patients started going to rehabilitation centers regularly. Care was taken to avoid possible transmission of COVID-19 among the participants by taking precautions such as physical distancing, wearing a face mask and implementation of hygiene measures. Due to restrictions imposed by the pandemic, the number of participants who received training in rehabilitation centers had to be kept at a certain level. While the children assigned to the study group started the training program, the children in the control group had to wait to receive treatment in accordance with the rules of social isolation limiting the number of people allowed in confined spaces. During this time, initial and final assessments of the control group were noted. The parents of the control children, who were in line to receive rehabilitation services, were informed that the same training will be provided to their children at the end of the study.
COVID-19: a wreak havoc across the globe
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Heena Rehman, Md Iftekhar Ahmad
For the first time, the COVID-19 has been established in a tiger at Bronx Zoo, New York. Six other tigers and lions said to have developed symptoms. Some of the conservation experts think that this disease could also affect wild gorillas, chimps and orang-utans. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has close relatives in Rhinolophus rouxii (rufous horseshoe bats) (Mackenzie and Smith 2020), Rhinolophus affinis (intermediate horseshoe bats) (El-Duah et al. 2019) and Manis pentadactyla (Pangolin) [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00548-w]. All of these are considered as delicacies in Chinese cuisine. Recently, two pet cats in New York have tested positive for COVID-19. These two have become the first domesticated animals to have COVID-19 [https://www.livescience.com/cats-test-positive-coronavirus-ny.html].
COVID-19 and vaccination: myths vs science
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Vivek P. Chavda, Yangmin Chen, Jayant Dave, Zhe-Sheng Chen, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu, Vladimir N. Uversky, Rajashri Bezbaruah, Sandip Patel, Vasso Apostolopoulos
None of the COVID vaccines employ live viruses and there is no risk of transmissibility. The mRNA technology is not new and has been developed over the past few decades to address some of the limitations of other vaccine types (e.g. live virus, inactivated virus, subunit proteins, and DNA-based vaccines), by increasing stability and speed [89,90]. Furthermore, they offer improved safety since they do not require toxic chemicals or cell cultures, and the rapid pace limits exposure to contaminating microorganisms [91]. Viral vector-based vaccines which have been studied over the last 3 to 4 decades, were developed by Johnson & Johnson to treat the Ebola virus and as such, the technology was immediately applied to SARS-CoV-2, allowing for its rapid production [92]. Coronaviruses are not new, and ongoing work on this helped develop COVID-19 vaccines [93]. In addition, a worldwide effort of sharing of data, all publications relating to COVID-19 being made open access by the journals, large amounts of government, grant and philanthropic funding as well as known technologies developed over the last 3–4 decades for various diseases, all contributed to the quick production of COVID-19 vaccines. Requisite evaluation of safety, efficacy during development, and extensive care during manufacturing and transport have ensured much-needed safety.
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