Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan in Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
Currently, health care workers are giving their full efforts and support to control this epidemic. In February, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the authorized name for the current coronavirus as COVID-19, which is produced by SARS-CoV-2 (Hageman, 2020; Sun et al., 2020; Kuldeep et al., 2020). Originally, a group of coronavirus patients was identified in the Huanan South China Seafood marketplace in Wuhan (Gralinski and Vineet, 2020). Coronavirus is in the Coronaviridae group and the Coronavirinae subgroup. The novel coronavirus is genetically distinct. Up to 2020, there were six Covs known to infect humans (Fan et al., 2019). COVID-2019 disease emerged in China and spread rapidly to other countries. The severity of the disease and its rapid spread spurred WHO to announce a global health emergency day on 31st January, 2020. Afterwards, a pandemic situation was declared on 11th March, 2020. At present, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19, since there is no approved vaccination or drugs for giving humans with coronavirus infections. Currently all nations are working hard to prevent the further spread of COVID-19 (Kuldeep et al., 2020).
Current Epidemiological and Clinical Features of COVID-19; a Global Perspective From China
William C. Cockerham, Geoffrey B. Cockerham in The COVID-19 Reader, 2020
Coronaviruses were first described by Tyrell and Bynoe in 1966, who isolated the viruses from patients suffering from the common cold.6 Tyrell and Bynoe called them coronaviruses because they are spherical virions with a core shell and surface projections resembling a solar corona.7 Coronaviruses are members of the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. Members of this subfamily were genetically classified into four major genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus.8 Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect only mammals and usually cause respiratory illness in humans and gastroenteritis in animals. The gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses predominantly infect birds, but some can also infect mammals.9 Six types of coronavirus have been identified in humans (HCoVs), including HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. The first two belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus and the latter four to the genus Betacoronavirus.10 SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can cause severe respiratory syndrome in humans, while the other four human coronaviruses induce only mild upper respiratory diseases in immunocompetent hosts.11,12 Coronaviruses did not attract worldwide attention until the 2003 SARS epidemic, followed by the 2012 MERS outbreak and, most recently, the novel coronavirus pandemic.
Vaccines Against COVID-19
Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga in The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Coronavirus, a single positive-stranded (RNA) virus belongs to corona-viridae. Numerous fatal coronavirus cases have been reported, including middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the recently COVID-19. The history of dates back to the 1960s where it was considered a common cold virus till an outbreak occurred in 2002 (Guangdong province, China), which quickly escalated worldwide. The causative agent for an episode of the common cold in Saudi Arabia in 2012 was identified as coronavirus and subsided with several deaths. Due to the heavy toll of deaths in the COVID-19 pandemic, apart from other treatment alternatives [8, 9], vaccines’ master role in disease prevention cannot be overlooked. Various projects are underway for an effective vaccine candidate [10, 11], and few of the vaccine’s studies are in clinical Phases however, a number of challenges still exist. An effective and secure vaccine product is utmost necessary to alleviate the negative effects of current COVID-19 pandemic. Presently, eight primary forms of COVID-19 vaccines are under development which include DNA-based, RNA-based, viral-like particles VLP, live attenuated, non-replicated, replicated, subunit, inactivated, VVr + antigen-presenting cell (APC), and VVnr + APC vaccines as shown in Figure 8.1 [12, 13].
Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Ifeanyi Elibe Mba, Hyelnaya Cletus Sharndama, Goodness Ogechi Osondu-chuka, Onyekachi Philomena Okeke
Coronaviruses are a group of large, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae. There are four genera (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) of coronavirus. They are characterized by diverse antigenic cross-reactivity and genetic composition. The alpha- and beta-coronavirus genera are the strains known to be pathogenic to humans [1]. Coronavirus causes various diseases ranging from liver-based (hepatic), neurological, enteric, and respiratory diseases [2–4]. SARS-CoV-2 has affected over 131 million people since its emergence and had led to more than 2.8 million deaths globally as of 6 April 2021, according to World Health Organisation (WHO). The US is the country most severely affected in both infection and fatalities, with about 30 million and 551,000 confirmed cases and deaths, respectively. This is followed by Brazil, India, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Turkey, Spain, and Germany. On the list of the high death tolls are the USA (551,769 deaths), Brazil (331,433 deaths), and Mexico, with more than 204,000 deaths. Furthermore, according to WHO, America (more than 56 million cases and over 1.3 million deaths) remained the most severely affected with SARS-CoV-2. This is followed by Europe (more than 46 million cases and 986,000 deaths) [5]. Thus, the two regions (Europe and American region) account for about 80% of all the cases and deaths.
Nervous system involvement in SARS-coronavirus infection: a review on lessons learned from the previous outbreaks, ongoing pandemic and what to expect in the future
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Atiq ur Rehman Bhatti, Jad Zreik, Yagiz Ugur Yolcu, Mohammed Ali Alvi, Kingsley Abode-Iyamah, Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, Mohamad Bydon
Coronavirus is a large enveloped non‐segmented positive‐sense RNA virus. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 remarkably resemble other human coronaviruses with regards to seasonal spread including the timeline of an outbreak from Dec to April and occurrences of peak cases from Jan to Feb with a variation in among age groups [39]. However, these respiratory viruses mainly spread from human to human. Genomic studies reveal that SARS‐CoV‐2 is in the same betacoronavirus (βCoV) phylogeny as MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV, and is strongly homologous to SARS‐CoV [40]. Proteomics analysis has suggested a 95%-100 analogy in SARS viruses. Host receptors are generally associated with virus tropisms. The entry of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 is mediated mainly by a cellular receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), unlike other receptors such as aminopeptidase N (APN) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 utilized as entry routes to the cell [41].
Perceptions of Medical and Allied Health Students Towards Online Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic Phases and Its Future Impact in India
Published in Journal of European CME, 2021
Manna Debnath, Santosh Ojha, Anupam Niraula, Dolly Sharma
The Novel coronavirus is one of the lethal viruses with high transmission. In December 2019, the first Coronavirus case was reported in Wuhan City. After 2–3 weeks of COVID-19 outbreaks, Covid cases were reported in the USA, Europe, and many Asian countries [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the virus responsible for nCOVID-19 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [2]. The patients of Coronavirus disease were reported with various symptoms like fever, running nose, cough, sneezing, headache, body ache, sore throat, diarrhoea, respiratory distress, and pneumonia. The WHO declared the serious situation a public health emergency internationally on 30 January 2020 and hollar for a collaborative effort of entire countries to the widespread of this Coronavirus [3,4]. India, the largest democratic country was also on high alert due to COVID-19. On 24 March 2020, India took the historical decision of a 21-days complete lockdown effective from 25th March till 14th of August. Due to the continuing rapid spread of the Coronavirus, the Government of India has decided to extend the lockdown from the 15th of April to 3rd May, furthermore extended it from 4th May to 17th May. During these 54-days of complete lockdown in India, the growth rate of new cases had gradually reduced and the recovery rate was much higher than in other countries [5].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Hepatitis
- Respiratory Tract Infection
- Common Cold
- Diarrhea
- Rhinovirus
- Orthornavirae
- Sars
- Mers
- Covid-19
- Covid-19 Pandemic