Human papillomavirus
Shiv Shanker Pareek in The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Risk of cervical cancer can be reduced by vaccination against HPV. The two vaccines available are: Cervarix – this protects against HPV types 16 and 18, which cause approximately 75% of all cases of cervical cancer. Protection is long-term, and all girls aged 13 years and over are offered this vaccine by the United Kingdom National Health Service.Gardasil – provides protection against HPV types 6 and 11 (which cause 90% of cases of genital warts) and HPV types 16 and 18 (which cause approximately 75% of all cases of cervical cancer).The vaccination schedule should include injections at month 0, month 2 and month 6.
Risk Reduction and Screening for Women’s Cancers
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
A recent development in the prevention of cervical cancer has been the introduction of the vaccines Gardasil and Cervarix. Both are protective against the high-risk HPV st rains 16 and 18, which have been implicated as being the most frequent strains associated with cervical cancer in the United States. Gardasil adds additional protection against HPV strains 6 and 11, which are low risk for the development of cervical cancer but cause genital warts. In the approximate three-year follow-up of the vaccines, the efficacy of Gardasil has been reported to be near 100% for HPV 16 and 18 CIN 2/3, adenocarcinoma in situ, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (high-risk dysplasia or carcinoma in situ). Similarly, 99–100% efficacy for genital warts was reported. Cervarix was found to have a rate of 93% protection for HPV-16 and -18-associated lesions. Both have also demonstrated cross-protection for several other strains of HPV. Even if sexual activity has been initiated, it should not preclude administration of the vaccine, as women may not have been exposed to any or all strains of HPV covered by the vaccines. The vaccines are currently approved for routine vaccination of girls aged 11–12 years, at the physician’s discretion at ages nine to 10, and for catch-up vaccination at ages 13–26. Gardasil has also been approved for males aged nine to 26 for the prevention of genital warts but could potentially also reduce the burden of HPV transmission.151
Order Zurhausenvirales
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier in Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Recently, Nicoli et al. (2020) published a comprehensive six-year surveillance study following immunization with Cervarix™ and Gardasil™ in adolescent and young adult women in Italy. The humoral responses against HPV16 and HPV18 (and HPV6 and HPV11 for Gardasil™) were high in both vaccines up to six years from the third dose. Remarkably, Cervarix™ induced significantly higher and more persistent antibody responses, while the two vaccines were rather equivalent in inducing memory B cells against HPV16 and HPV18. Moreover, the percentage of subjects with vaccine-specific memory B cells was even superior among Gardasil™ vaccinees, and, conversely, Cervarix™-vaccinated individuals with circulating antibodies but undetectable memory B cells were found. Finally, a higher proportion of Cervarix™-vaccinated subjects displayed cross-neutralizing responses against nonvaccine types HPV31 and HPV45. It was concluded that Gardasil™ and Cervarix™ may differently affect long-lasting humoral immunity from both the quantitative and qualitative point of view (Nicoli et al. 2020).
Cervical cancer risk profiling: molecular biomarkers predicting the outcome of hrHPV infection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Mariano A Molina, Ludovica Carosi Diatricch, Marina Castany Quintana, Willem JG Melchers, Karolina M Andralojc
Three prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection (Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix) have been approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They consist of noninfectious virus-like particles made up of the major HPV capsid protein L1. Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18, Gardasil 9 is a 9-valent vaccine costing of the same types that Gardasil with additional inclusion of genotypes 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Cervarix is a bivalent vaccine against HPV16 and 18. These prophylactic vaccines are administered in three doses to females age 9 to 26 years old in an attempt to prevent infection. Furthermore, HPV vaccines are not intended for the treatment of infections or disease, as they are not effective in treating pre-existing HPV infections. They were found to provide nearly 100% protection against cervical infections with HPV genotypes 16 and 18 and high efficacy in preventing precancerous cervical lesions caused by these genotypes. However, vaccinated women should continue being screened with Papanicolau (PAP) test because no significate reduction has been observed for the borderline/ASCUS and low-grade dyskaryosis/LSIL after vaccination [20–23].
Real-world impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine: an updated systematic literature review
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Wei (Vivian) Wang, Smita Kothari, Jozica Skufca, Anna R. Giuliano, Karin Sundström, Mari Nygård, Carol Koro, Marc Baay, Thomas Verstraeten, Alain Luxembourg, Alfred J. Saah, Suzanne M. Garland
A systematic literature review (SLR) update was conducted to evaluate the real-world impact and effectiveness of the HPV vaccines. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were last searched on April 1st, 2020 for peer-reviewed observational studies on the HPV vaccines, according to predefined search terms (Supplementary Table 1). This update aimed to capture vaccine impact and effectiveness data on previously reported HPV-related endpoints of genital HPV infections, AGWs, and cervical lesions from March 1st, 2016–March 31st, 2020. The search strategy was further expanded to include new endpoints from January 2007–March 31st, 2020, including RRP, oral and anal HPV infections, and oropharyngeal and anal lesions. These searches were performed separately. Searching for outcomes of interest was conducted within select full-text articles, with additional abstracts retrieved where necessary. Observational studies on the impact and effectiveness of the 4 vHPV and/or the 9 vHPV vaccine on HPV infection were eligible for inclusion (however, of note, available published data on the 9 vHPV vaccine were very sparse at the time of this review). We excluded studies which only reported on the 2 v vaccine Cervarix® to follow the same methods as the previous SLR [28]. Of note, reviews of population impact studies including the 2 v vaccine Cervarix® have been summarized elsewhere [29].
Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge, beliefs, and vaccine uptake among United States and international college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Ishu Karki, Page D. Dobbs, Daniel Larson, Sarah B. Maness
HPV vaccination is the primary prevention strategy for HPV-related infections and cancers. The US Food and Drug Administration (FederalDrugAdministration (FDA)) first approved the HPV vaccine in 2006 for commercial use.6 The FDA has approved three vaccines against HPV: Gardasil®, Gardasil®9, and Cervarix®.6 Also, in 2006, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended HPV vaccine uptake. Although the ACIP recommendations have changed over the years, as of 2020, ACIP recommends HPV vaccine for those 11–12 years of age. However, the vaccine can be given as early as nine years to the age of 26.6 ACIP recommends two doses of vaccine for those who start vaccination before the age of 15 years and three doses of vaccine for those who start between 15 and 26.6 Recently, the US FDA also approved HPV vaccine for those aged 27–45 with a shared decision between patient and health care provider.7 As the HPV vaccine is recommended for adolescents, parents often make decisions regarding vaccination of their adolescent children.8,9 In contrast, college-aged individuals can independently make medical decisions.10,11 Hence, targeting college students to receive the catch-up HPV vaccination could help close the gap among those who missed the vaccine during early adolescence.11,12
Related Knowledge Centers
- As04
- Cervical Cancer
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- Immune System
- Vaccine
- Papillomavirus Infection
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- Gardasil
- Pap Test