Control of Human Intestinal Nematode Infections
Max J. Miller, E. J. Love in Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Human beings cannot yet be immunized against intestinal nematodes. Neither is control of specific vectors or intermediate hosts a strategy applicable to the prevention of intestinal nematodes. The remaining strategies applicable to the control of intestinal nematodes are summarized in Table 1. In column RH are shown the diseases in which reservoir hosts are known to play an important role in the transmission process. In nematode infections, this only applies to Capillaria. In theory, the incidence of most worm diseases can easily be lowered by various simple hygienic measures or by more complicated programs designed to control the environment (column HY). The low feasibility of most of these preventive measures is a frustrating fact of life and explains the deplorable situation of the world’s population that suffer from one or more worm infections. In column CT (chemotherapy) the therapeutic, as well as the socioeconomic, value of the best drugs currently available for the treatment of each disease is evaluated. Excellent drugs are now available for the treatment of intestinal nematodes.
Albendazole
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Capillaria philippinensis infection was formerly a cause of outbreaks of severe, sometimes lethal, intestinal infections in Southeast Asian island communities. It has become rarer in recent years. The only formal study conducted in the Philippines showed albendazole to be effective at a dose of 400 mg daily for 10 days in 15 of 16 patients (Cross and Basaca-Sevilla, 1987). Other case reports confirm the efficacy (Bhaibulaya and Kobwanthanakan, 1984; Chichino et al., 1992; Austin et al., 1999, and more recently Bair et al., 2004). Although the activity of the drug against the geographically more widespread C. hepatica has not been formally established in clinical trials, albendazole has been shown to significantly reduce egg production in mice (Markus and Cheetham, 1985). A single case report from Brazil suggests that similar dose regimens may be effective in human infection (Sawamura et al., 1999).
Parasites and Conservation Biology
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2023
Examples in which parasites serve as indicators or sentinels of environmental problems or changes also unfortunately occur. Marine mammals ranging from sea otters to harbor seals to killer whales along the Pacific Coast of North America have been found in recent years to be infected with a variety of parasites customarily associated with humans, pets, and farm animals from terrestrial environments. These parasites exemplify what have been called pollutogens. Pollutogens are infectious agents that originate outside a particular ecosystem and are able to develop within a host found in that ecosystem. For instance, co-infections of two related apicomplexans, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis neurona, have emerged as a major cause of death in southern sea otters, Enhydra lutris nereis. The nematode Capillaria hepatica, normally associated with wild and feral rats (Rattus sp.) in which it is often transmitted by cannibalism, has also appeared in sea otters and implicated in causing mortality. Simultaneous infections with C. hepatica, T. gondii and S. neurona have been found in the otters, pointing out how polyparasitism from these pollutogens could have a devastating combined effect. Other kinds of pathogens associated with terrestrial environments such as Neospora caninum, another apicomplexan normally problematic in both cattle and its canine definitive hosts, have also appeared in marine mammals.
Ecological studies on the helminth parasites of catfishes Bagrus spp. (Bagridae) and Chrysichthys auratus (Claroteidae) inhabiting Damietta branch, River Nile, Egypt
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Hend E. Allam, Mohamed I. Mashaly, Mohamed M. El-Naggar
The present investigation has revealed that the catfishes B. bajad and B. docmak harbored one monogenean species, Q. bagrae, three digenean species, A. absconditum, A. spiniceps and H. cahirinus, and one nematode called C. fritschi while the catfish C. auratus harbored only one monogenean species, P. mansourensis at Damietta branch of the River Nile. Mansour et al. [23] recorded the same digeneans A. absconditum, A. spiniceps, and H. cahirinus from the same host (Bagrus spp.) inhabiting Damietta branch of the River Nile and its tributaries. Moreover, Mansour et al. [23] detected two nematode species, Spinitectus allaeri Campana-Rouget, 1961 and C. fritschi. However, S. allaeri was not observed in the present study. Also, no cestode parasites were recorded either in the present study or by Mansour et al. [23]. However, Imam et al. [24] described cestodes from the intestine of B. bajad. Saoud and Wannas [25] made a helminthological survey on C. auratus, B. bajad, and B. docmak collected along different seasons from Aswan High Dam Lake and found no parasites on all examined fish of C. auratus. Meanwhile, Saoud and Wannas [25] detected three digeneans (A. absconditum, A. spiniceps and H. cahirinus) and one Acanthocephalan (Paragorgorhynchus sp.) from the gastrointestinal canal of both B. bajad and B. docmak. Osman et al. [26] reported the digeneans A. spiniceps, A. absconditum and H. cahirinus and the nematodes, S. allaeri, Procamallanus laevichonchus wedl,1862 and C. fritschi from B. docmak collected from three different regions of Menoufiya Governorate: Bahr Shebeen, Albagoreya, and Sabal Drainage Canals. Neither S. allaeri nor P. laevichonchus has been recorded in the present study. Taha [27] recorded only the nematode parasite Capillaria sp. and the acanthocephalan Polymorphus sp. from B. bajad in Ismailia Canal.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Capillariidae
- Trichinellidae
- Capillariasis
- Trichosomoididae
- Capillaria Aerophila
- Capillaria Gastrica
- Capillaria Hepatica
- Capillaria Philippinensis
- Intestinal Capillariasis
- Capillaria Plica