Candida
Dongyou Liu in Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Candida albicans is the major species of the genus associated with human disease,1 although it is not involved in foodborne infection. In addition, other Candida species that are frequently referred to as “non-albicans” Candida species have been isolated as being responsible for infection including C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei.2,5 In the recent years, the occurrence of infections caused by such “non-albicans” Candida species has increased. The abovementioned five species are the causative agents of more than 90% of Candida infections.2,8 In spite of the fact that other Candida species like C. kefyr, C. rugosa, C. guilliermondii, and C. famata have been reported as causative agents of clinical infection, they have been rarely isolated from patients.3,5,9
Trace Metals in Growth and Sexual Maturation
Owen M. Rennert, Wai-Yee Chan in Metabolism of Trace Metals in Man, 2017
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a lethal, autosomal, recessive trait which usually occurs in infants of Italian, Armenian, or Iranian lineage. The disease is not present at birth, but typically develops in the early months of life, soon after weaning from breast feeding. Dermatological manifestations include progressive bullous-pustular dermatitis of the extremities and of the oral, anal, and genital areas, combined with paronychia and generalized alopecia. Infection with Candida albicans is a frequent complication. Ophthalmic signs may include blepharitis, conjuctivitis, photophobia, and corneal opacities. Gastrointestinal disturbances are usually severe, including chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, steatorrhea, and lactose intolerance. Neuropsychiatric signs include irritability, emotional disorders, tremor, and occasional cerebellar ataxia. These patients generally have retarded growth and hypogonadism. Zinc supplementation results in complete cure.66 The underlying mechanism of zinc deficiency in these patients is due to malabsorption. The genetic basis of zinc malabsorption remains to be elucidated.
The gastrointestinal system
C. Simon Herrington in Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Candida spp. form part of the normal oral flora in about half the population. Candida albicans is the most frequent of these and causes opportunistic infection in a variety of situations, typically where the normal balance of the oral flora has changed and/or in individuals with altered immunity. Acute pseudomembranous candidosis (thrush) is characterized by white fungal plaques, which rub off, exposing underlying red mucosa. Thrush is often found in healthy infants in addition to debilitated adults. Chronic candidosis may be seen in a number of circumstances and is frequently present as denture stomatitis under an upper denture as an inflammatory reaction to fungi, which persist mainly on the fitting surface of the denture. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis is an oral potentially malignant disorder that presents as hyperkeratotic lesions found on the anterior buccal mucosa. Persistent acute and chronic oral candidal infections are a common problem in patients with HIV infection. Angular cheilitis presents at the corners of the mouth as red, cracked lesions. It is described as a Candida-associated lesion; however, co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus is common and often there are other associated contributory causes.
A review of co-culture models to study the oral microenvironment and disease
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Sophie E Mountcastle, Sophie C Cox, Rachel L Sammons, Sara Jabbari, Richard M Shelton, Sarah A Kuehne
As we have gained an understanding of the importance of cues from the surrounding environment, such as mechanical and biological signalling between cell types [38–40], there has been a move to mimic the structure of the tissue in which the eukaryotic cells are located (Figure 2C). Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a commensal yeast that can shift to become pathogenic in immunosuppressed individuals and is therefore an important oral pathogen. A number of 3D in vitro culture systems have been developed to mimic the oral mucosa in order to study the interaction between epithelial cells and C. albicans [41,42]. The 3D models commonly utilised in these investigations comprise a fibroblast-containing collagen gel with oral keratinocytes cultured on the surface at the air-liquid interface. An alternative to the collagen model is the use of decellularised matrix as a 3D scaffold. Interestingly, Yadev et al. [43] demonstrated that a 3D tissue engineered oral mucosa model of human keratinocytes and a fibroblast-containing matrix displayed more similar immunohistological and proliferation characteristics to normal mucosa when compared with a 2D oral cell line. In this study, full-thickness oral mucosa models were prepared from decellularised human matrix and compared with collagen-based 3D mucosa models purchased from SkinEthic Laboratories (Nice, France) and MatTek Corporation (Ashland, MA).
Treatment of Candida sternal infection following cardiac surgery – a review of literature
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Ali Ahmet Arıkan, Oğuz Omay, Muhip Kanko, Emre Horuz, Gökhan Yağlı, Emrah Yaşar Kağan, Hakan Ağır
The signs of Candida and bacterial infections are similar. Candida is an unexpected agent for SWI after cardiac surgery with median sternotomy. Candida is usually identified after a failed course of antibacterial therapy [16]; although this delays appropriate treatment, empiric antifungal agents are considered only in severely ill cardiac surgery patients [2,4,25]. The present review found that candidemia was reported in 4% (n = 3) of patients [1,11,18]. In the cases we reviewed, swab cultures or deep tissue specimens were used for diagnosis, and Candida albicans was the dominant pathogen. It has been well-established that for definitive diagnosis, deep tissue specimens are essential. A shift toward non-albicans infections has been reported in cases of Candida osteomyelitis [26]. In our review, 50% of the reported sternal SWIs in patients infected with non-albicans species following cardiac surgery died. Survival of patients having sternal infections due to the Candida species famata, tropicalis, and lusitaniae after cardiac surgery has not been reported. Only one of the three paediatric cases survived. The mortality rate was 16% for albicans species.
A comprehensive review on recent nanosystems for enhancing antifungal activity of fenticonazole nitrate from different routes of administration
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sadek Ahmed, Maha M. Amin, Sinar Sayed
Although many fungi exist in our regular life without any harmful effect, the prevalence of fungal infections seems to be increasing in the global world. Under specific conditions, some fungi could result in medical conditions that vary from mild to life threating infections. The leading risk factors include modulation of the immune system that happens as a result of viral infection, anti-cancer medications and transplantation surgeries (Lockhart & Guarner, 2019). Fungal infection could affect different body regions such as the eye, the skin and the vagina, thereby these infections could be detected by taking samples from blood, urine, sputum or vaginal sections. Fungal keratitis is an ocular infection that happens only in traumatic cornea and caused by many Candida species (Goldschmidt et al., 2012). Trichophyton species and Candida albicans trigger many skin infections (Albash et al., 2021). For gynecologists, fungal infections caused by Candida albicans represent the main cause of women upset and may result in premature birth or even abortion, pelvic inflammation and transmission of sexual diseases (Martinez-Perez et al., 2018).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biofilm
- Candida
- Candidiasis
- Commensalism
- Tissue
- Yeast
- Pathogen
- Gut Microbiota
- Immunodeficiency
- HIV