Nonpolio Enteroviruses, Polioviruses, and Human CNS Infections
Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek in Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Treatment of poliomyelitis is supportive. Mechanical ventilation and close monitoring of cardiovascular status are necessary in patients with respiratory failure and bulbar poliomyelitis. The poliomyelitis has been virtually eliminated in most countries by the widespread immunization with the formalin-inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) or/and oral live-attenuated polio vaccine (OPV). After 22 years since the decision of the World Health Organization to globally eradicate poliomyelitis, circulation of wild poliovirus types 1 and 3 continues in 4 countries, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, because of underutilization of vaccine, vaccine failure, and the epidemiologic context (el-Sayed et al. 2008; Grassly et al. 2006; Jenkins et al. 2008). The indigenous wild type 2 poliovirus was eradicated in 1999 but a type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) has persisted in northern Nigeria since 2006 (Adu et al. 2007). The supplementary immunization with monovalent strains of OPV (mOPV) type 1 (Grassly et al. 2007) or type 3 has been introduced (CDC 2009) in those regions where the virus has been difficult to control. A new bivalent oral poliovaccine bOPV (containing types 1 and 3 poliovirus) has been introduced into all 4 persistently endemic countries, beginning in 2 009 with Afghanistan (WHO 2010). Low vaccination coverage, and the extent of immunization gaps increase the potential risk of emergence and circulation of VDPV strains (Nathanson and Kew 2010).
Poliovirus
Patricia G. Melloy in Viruses and Society, 2023
Some survivors recalled having a headache and a stiff neck in the evening, and then waking up the next day to partial paralysis. A few former polio patients indicated that they were initially misdiagnosed as having another illness as well (Gould 1995). Scientists know that poliovirus can induce an interferon response initially, which explains the febrile-like illness noted by these polio survivors (Yin-Murphy and Almond 1996). A spinal tap (to obtain cerebrospinal fluid) became the standard for correctly diagnosing polio in the early to mid-20th century (Wilson 2005). Currently, poliovirus can be detected from throat, feces, or cerebrospinal fluid samples that are then used to culture the virus in vitro in the laboratory or used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect the poliovirus genome. Sequencing can be used to determine the type of polio, and even the typical geographical location for that strain of the virus (CDC 2021a). People infected with poliovirus also make antibodies against the virus that can be detected in bodily secretions (Yin-Murphy and Almond 1996).
Health promotion and person-to-person disease outbreaks
Glenn Laverack in Health Promotion in Disease Outbreaks and Health Emergencies, 2017
Polio (poliomyelitis) is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause irreversible paralysis in a matter of hours. Polio mainly affects children under 5 years old and is spread through person-to-person contact and through the contamination of water and food. When a child is infected with poliovirus, the virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. It is then shed into the environment through the faeces where it can spread rapidly through a community, especially in overcrowded conditions of poor hygiene and sanitation. However, if a sufficient number of people, including children, are immunised against polio, the virus is unable to find susceptible people to infect and eventually is eradicated. Most people infected with the poliovirus have no signs of illness and are unaware that they have been infected. In others, initial symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs. The symptomless people can then spread the infection to others before the first case of polio emerges. For this reason, a single confirmed case of polio paralysis is considered to be evidence of an outbreak, particularly in countries where very few cases normally occur.
Quality of life for post-polio syndrome: a patient derived, Rasch standard scale
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2018
Carolyn A. Young, Anne-Marie C. Quincey, Samantha M. Wong, Alan Tennant
Poliomyelitis (polio) is an acute, communicable disease caused by poliovirus. The illness has varying degrees of severity, including rapid onset of acute flaccid paralysis. Prior to the development of vaccination programmes in the 1950s, polio was widespread. For example, in America in 1952, there were more than 21,000 paralytic cases.[1] Despite concerted efforts by the WHO and others, such as Rotary International, to ensure widespread vaccination and the eradication of polio, outbreaks of polio continue. From 1976–1995, there were 48 outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis, with a cumulative total of ∼17,000 cases reported worldwide.[2] Europe had been declared free of poliovirus from 2002 until an outbreak in 2010 in Tajikistan.[3] A 60% increase in confirmed cases of polio in Pakistan between 2009 and 2010 is a reminder of the persistence of the disease.[4]
Self-perceived mobility in immigrants in Sweden living with the late effects of polio
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Helena Selander, Felicia Kjellgren, Katharina S. Sunnerhagen
Although acute poliomyelitis is very rare in industrialized countries [1], 12 to 20 million people globally live with the sequelae of polio [2]. New symptoms may emerge several years after recovery from polio, including new muscle weakness, fatigue, pain and functional loss [3]. Many people who suffer from the late effects of polio have impaired walking ability due to reduced balance, muscle strength and pain, which impacts their daily life [4]. Mobility is of major importance for health, autonomy and well-being [5], and many different lifestyles and living patterns require transportation and mobility [6–8]. Being able to move independently from one place to another is essential for quality of life and for participation in many activities [6–9]. Polio survivors often have impaired muscle function that can result in mobility problems [10]. Community mobility may include walking, using mobility devices, using public transportation like buses or trains, using private transportation such as a ride from a friend or family member and driving a car [11]. A goal in the transport policy in Sweden is that the use of public transportation should be improved by increased safety, reliability and also usability for people with disabilities. Although, the public transportation system is well developed it is not always accessible for all (such as high step to enter the bus/tram) and with a sparse network and low frequencies in the country side. Therefore, Special Transport Service (Taxi) are available but also other types of mobility devices that are subsidized.
Adolf Kussmaul (1822–1902), and the naming of “poliomyelitis”
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
Nadeem Toodayan, Eric Matteson
Although some features of the illness might certainly be accounted for by an attack of paralytic polio, the symptom complex of progressive but self-limiting paraparesis with peripheral sensory and autonomic symptoms in the absence of a distinct central sensory level (which could indicate transverse myelitis) may be better explained by an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, or Guillain-Barre syndrome.1It was not until 1875 that Wilhelm Erb (1840–1921) and Carl Westphal (1833–1890) first indicated the clinical importance of deep tendon reflexes (Louis and Louis 2002), and this is why Kussmaul did not comment on such findings in his own case. We would expect the reflexes to be diminished in this instance. Kussmaul himself had originally described such a syndrome in the same year Octave Landry (1826–1865) coined the term “acute ascending paralysis” (Landry 1859), but he could not identify an anatomical or toxic cause for the disease (vide infra). Indeed, the term “Kussmaul-Landry paralysis” was in use before the name Guillain-Barre syndrome was popularized (Fischer 1931, 87), and was apparently the first of a number of eponymous clinical entities to be later linked to Kussmaul’s name (see Table 1).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antibody
- Paresthesia
- Poliovirus
- Flaccid Paralysis
- Infection
- Headache
- Post-Polio Syndrome
- Fecal–Oral Route
- Feces
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