Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Vivek Lal in A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of Brucella species. Human brucellosis is a multisystem disease that can manifest acutely, sub acutely or in chronic course.52 Ocular involvement is not very common. The ocular manifestations of brucellosis described in the literature are keratitis, uveitis, episcleritis, scleritis, endophthalmitis and optic neuropathy.53,54 Optic nerve damage, in brucellosis, manifests with optic neuritis or papilledema. Optic nerve involvement is usually part of meningoencephalitis. The diagnosis of brucellosis requires a clinical suspicion along with microbiological confirmation. Brucellosis is treated with doxycycline and rifampicin.52 The visual prognosis of treated cases is generally good.
Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis and Causes of Pulmonary Granulomas
Philip T. Cagle, Timothy C. Allen, Mary Beth Beasley in Diagnostic Pulmonary Pathology, 2008
A zoonotic infection, brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It is an acute or chronic illness that manifests principally by chills, relapses of fever, weakness, body aches, and pains. In the United States, brucellosis is rare and largely an occupational hazard of slaughterhouse workers and veterinarians. It is common in the Far East, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and other Persian Gulf countries, South America, Mexico, and the Mediterranean region. The disease can be caused by any of the four species, each usually confined to its major animal host: B. melitensis (goat), B. suis (hogs), B. abortus (cattle), and B. cannis (dogs). Granulomas are small and poorly formed. Diagnosis depends on occupational history, clinical features, and serological evidence. A single titer of 1:160 or higher, or a fourfold or greater rise in titers in specimens drawn one to four weeks apart indicates recent infection (6).
Living Laboratories
Kevin Bardosh in One Health, 2016
This chapter attempts to do just that. Our research in the KGR centred on brucellosis – a quintessential neglected and endemic zoonotic disease. A bacterial infection caused by several species of the genus Brucella, brucellosis causes chronic human morbidity and significant reductions in livestock productivity.4 Although brucellosis is considered one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world, with an estimated 500,000 cases annually (Pappas et al., 2006), its epidemiology and burden in Africa is poorly documented and likely grossly under-reported in both humans (Dean et al., 2012) and animals (McDermott and Arimi, 2002). Brucellosis is transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw dairy products and contact with bodily fluids (especially aborted material) from infected animals. While the disease has been largely controlled or eradicated in developed countries through concerted veterinary public health campaigns, disease control remains very challenging in the African context (Marcotty et al., 2009). A number of factors are involved, including the nature of husbandry systems, keeping of mixed species, close contact with humans, poor veterinary inputs, limited movement controls and lack of pasteurization.
Brucella, a bacterium with multiple ways of causing infection
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Alejandro Perez, Mezgebe Berhe
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection transmitted to humans from infected animals (cattle, sheep, pigs) by ingestion of food products, such as unpasteurized dairy products.1 The most common zoonosis worldwide, it is an important public health problem in many developing countries.1 The prevalence of brucellosis has been increasing due to growing international tourism and migration.2 Imported unpasteurized dairy products, such as fresh goat or sheep cheese from neighboring countries (particularly Mexico), are an important source of infection.3 Other mechanisms of infection include contact with mucous membranes of infected animal tissue (such as placenta or miscarriage products) or infected animal fluids (such as blood, urine, or milk) and inhalation of infected aerosolized particles.1 In this report we present an interesting case of brucellosis with more than one mode of possible transmission.
Impact of measures to control brucellosis on disease characteristics in humans: experience from an endemic region in the Balkans
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2018
Mile Bosilkovski, Aleksandar Stojanov, Milena Stevanovic, Zarko Karadzovski, Kiril Krstevski
Brucellosis is a zoonosis, a major world health issue and a leading anthropozoonotic infection ranking near the top of the list of infections transmitted from animals to men [1]. The disease has a significant impact on human and animal health, economic development and on the agricultural trade of the affected region [2]. Human brucellosis is acquired by direct contact with infected animals or their products, by consumption of raw or undercooked dairy products and by inhalation. Thus, brucellosis is a professionally acquired disease in animal workers or in microbiological laboratories, but also in environments where for various reasons pasteurization of milk and other dairy products are not undertaken [3]. As a result the disease is spread in over 160 countries over the world and there are certain endemic regions [4].
Brucellosis in older person: a case report from Qatar
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Hanadi Khamis Al Hamad, Navas Nadukkandiyil, Mohammed Al Husami, Hebatullah Ahmed Abdelgawad, Sanjeevikumar Meenakshisundaram, Osman Bashir Nemeri
The geriatric population has been increasing worldwide, including Qatar, due to an improved standard of living. As a result of immune dysfunction caused by ageing and frailty, resistance to infections is reduced. These adverse outcomes in the elderly can mask signs and symptoms of diseases, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis affect all body systems with various symptoms. Therefore, serious complications, which cause morbidity and mortality, can occur [4]. The clinical manifestations of brucellosis are fever, night sweating, chills, arthralgia and loss of appetite. It seems pyrexia of unknown origin without other symptoms is most common presentation of brucellosis in old age [5]. The confirmation of brucellosis can made with serological tests, with significantly high titer, in the presence or absence of blood culture. Brucella antibody titers (≥1:160) are suggestive of active infection. Brucellosis was diagnosed with a positive standard tube agglutination test or a positive blood culture [6]. Anemia and raised CRP and liver enzymes were the most prominent laboratory abnormalities in our patients. A previous study from Qatar reported that 41.7% had a history of raw milk consumption and 12.5% had a history of animal contact [7]. The objectives of brucellosis treatment include the prevention of complications and relapse [8]. Our case presented with classical symptoms, but the atypical clinical presentation can delay diagnosis and treatment, causing serious clinical disease progression with increased complications.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Brucella
- Milk
- Pasteurization
- Perspiration
- Zoonosis
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Coccobacillus
- Facultative Parasite
- Intracellular Parasite
- Chronic Condition