Taxonomy and Grouping
Paul Pumpens in Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Figure 2.4 is intended to show the most recent phylogenetic analysis and the evolutionary connections among viral taxa that were elaborated on the basis of the three-dimensional structures of the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerases, or replicases, resolved by x-ray crystallography and available as of September 2017 (Venkataraman et al. 2018). Thus, the 3D hierarchy of replicases revealed the representatives of dsRNA virus family Cystoviridae as a nearest neighbor of the phage Qβ from the Leviviridae family. The next relatives of the latter are dsRNA virus families Permutotetraviridae and Birnaviridae and finally, the representatives of the (+) strand virus family Flaviviridae.
Family Birnaviridae
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier in Virus-Like Particles, 2022
The Birnaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses forming icosahedral nonenveloped single-shelled particles with a diameter of about 65 nm (Delmas et al. 2019). According to the recent taxonomy (Delmas et al. 2019; ICTV 2020), the family Birnaviridae is not included into any order and appears as an independent member of the kingdom Orthornavirae, realm Riboviria.
Nutritional and Health Benefits of Marine Mollusks
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
The number of viruses in oceans is enormous (about 107 particles/milliliter) and the number of marine viral infections is estimated at 1023 infections/second (Suttle 2007). Some metabolites isolated from eight gastropods (Rapana venosa, Valenciennes, 1846; Haliotis rubra, Leach, 1814; Haliotis laevigata, Donovan, 1808; Haliotis rufescens, Swainson, 1822; Buccinulum corneum, Linnaeus, 1758; Buccinum undatum, Linnaeus, 1758; Tegula gallina, Forbes, 1850; and Littorina littorea, Linnaeus, 1758) and nine bivalves (Ruditapes philippinarum, Adams & Reeve, 1850; Mercenaria mercenaria, Linnaeus, 1758; Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819; Mya arenaria, Linnaeus, 1758; Cerastoderma edule, Linnaeus, 1758; Crenomytilus grayanus, Dunker, 1853; Crassostrea gigas, Thunberg, 1793; Crassostrea virginica, Gmelin, 1791; and Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus, 1758) were described as powerful against many human viruses (Khan and Liu 2019). For examples, hemocyanin (from Rapana venosa, Valenciennes, 1846) was perceived active against respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2 and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV; Genova-Kalou et al. 2008; Dolashka-Angelova et al. 2009; Dolashka et al. 2010); kelletinin A (from Buccinulum corneum, Linnaeus, 1758) against human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (Orlando et al. 1996), mytilin (from Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) against white spot syndrome virus (Dupuy et al. 2004), defensin (also from Mytilus galloprovincialis) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1; Roch et al. 2004), while lectin (from Crenomytilus grayanus, Dunker, 1853) against HIV (Luk’yanov et al. 2007). Moreover, some representatives of the families Podoviridae (T3 coliphage; Bachère et al. 1990), Adenoviridae (human adenovirus type 5; Carriel-Gomes et al. 2007), Herpesviridae (HSV type 1) and Birnaviridae (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus; Olicard et al. 2005) turned out vulnerable to active ingredients present in oyster hemolymph. These active elements apparently neutralize invading viruses either by directly inactivating them and preventing their binding to or access into target cells or by inhibiting their replication and transcription (Dang et al. 2015). Thereby, several mollusks constitute widely available and economically viable sources of antiviral compounds.
Role of Mushroom as Dietary Supplement on Performance of Poultry
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Sohail Hassan Khan, Nasir Mukhtar, Javid Iqbal
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is caused by a virus that is a member of the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae. According to the virus virulence and pathogenicity, IBD causes more severe or less severe lesions on the bursa of Fabricius and other organs such as spleen, thymus, and kidneys and may induce immunosuppression and mortality in birds. Ogbe, Mgbojikwe, Owoade, Atawodi, & Abdu, (2008) supplemented chick diets with wild Ganoderma mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at the rate of 0.05%, 0.1%, or 0.2%. Chicks were vaccinated against IBD at 2 and 5 weeks of age. Each feed treatment lasted for 7 days each time before and after vaccinations. The results showed that in both qualitative and quantitative agar gel precipitation tests, there was positive response in all the vaccinated groups at 6 weeks of age, in which chicks fed 0.2% mushroom diet showed the highest positive response (2.5 log2), followed by 0.1% (2.3 log2) and 0.05% (2.0 log2). There was significant increase in the positive response at 8 to 10 weeks of age in all the groups: 3.8 log2, 3.5 log2, and 3.0 log2, respectively. Selegean et al. (2009) investigated the synergistic relations between extracts (the polysaccharide-containing extracellular fractions [EFs] of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus) and BIAVAC and BIAROMVAC vaccines. In the first experiment, by administrating EFs to unvaccinated broilers, they noticed slow stimulation of maternal antibodies against IBD starting from four weeks post hatching. For the broilers vaccinated with BIAVAC and BIAROMVAC vaccines, a low to almost complete lack of IBD maternal antibodies was recorded. By adding 5% and 15% EFs in the water intake, as compared to the reaction of the immune system in the previous experiment, the level of IBD antibodies was increased. Thus the workers believed that by using this combination of BIAVAC and BIAROMVAC vaccine and EFs, good results may be obtained in stimulating the production of IBD antibodies in the period of the chicken's first days of life, which are critical to broilers' survival.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Catalysis
- Conserved Sequence
- Genetic Code
- Protease
- Protein
- Recombinant DNA
- Viral Envelope
- Pathogen
- Double-Stranded Rna Viruses
- Rna-Dependent Rna Polymerase