B-Group Vitamin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria
Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani in Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Bifidobacteria are one of the predominant intestinal microorganisms in human beings and the importance of using these microorganisms as dietary supplements is described for different age groups of humans. These microorganisms were reported to be capable of synthesizing and liberating many kinds of B-vitamins (Rasic and Kurmann 1983). However, Deguchi et al. (1985) found that the concentrations of vitamins accumulated by bifidobacteria in the culture media, especially thiamine, varied widely among different species or strains. Furthermore, feedback repression or inhibition in bacteria may also affect the synthesis. According to Hou et al. (2000), thiamine content (examined through HPLC method) was increased in soymilk fermented for 48 h with two bifidobacteria, B. longum B6 and B. infantis CCRC 14633, separately.
The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity
Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack in Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
In an in vivo study by Griffiths and colleagues, Bifidobacteria were shown to be capable of improving the function of the gut barrier. For 28 days, newborn Balb/c mice received B. infantis and B. bifidum, and the mice that were given probiotics had significantly decreased intestinal endotoxin levels compared to the mice that were given only the vehicle [44]. Yin and colleagues examined the impact that four different strains of Bifidobacterium extracted from healthy human feces had on rats with HFD-induced obesity. In contrast to HFD mice, one strain reduced body mass, one strain increased body mass, and the other two strains produced no noteworthy change on body mass. This provides additional support for the notion that the putative anti-obesity impact of Bifidobacterium is strain-specific [45]. However, interestingly, all four strains were able to lower serum and liver triglyceride levels and alleviate lipid deposition in the liver [8]. An et al. blended three strains of Bifidobacterium (B. pseudocatenulatum SPM 1204, B. longum SPM 1205, and B. longum SPM 1207), all extracted from the guts of healthy Korean participants, to evaluate the effects of the blended strains on obese, HFD rats. The rats were given an HFD augmented with the strain mixture for 7 weeks, which resulted in a decrease in body mass and fat build-up, and improvements in lipid profiles and glucose-insulin homeostasis [44].
Nutrition and the Immune System
David Heber, Zhaoping Li in Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
Our group at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) conducted the first clinical study evaluating the effects of daily treatment with 2 g of XOS derived enzymatically from corn cobs on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in prediabetic adults (Yang et al. 2015). Eight weeks of XOS supplementation tended to increase insulin sensitivity by lowering the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-hour insulin response (p = 0.11), while no significant improvement of pre-diabetes mellitus subjects’ metabolic situation was observed, using the parameters of body composition, serum glucose, triglyceride, satiety hormones, and inflammation marker TNF-α. In a prior study in healthy adults, we found that a dose of 2 g/day increased bifidobacteria with no effect on lactobacilli, and it did not cause any GI side effects (Finegold et al. 2014). XOS significantly modified gut microbiota in both healthy and prediabetic subjects, and resulted in dramatic shifts of four bacterial taxa associated with prediabetes. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to study the metabolic impact of XOS and understand the connection between XOS-mediated gut microbiota changes and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Impact of type 1 diabetes on the composition and functional potential of gut microbiome in children and adolescents: possible mechanisms, current knowledge, and challenges
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Pari Mokhtari, Julie Metos, Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
Actinobacteria, one of the largest bacterial phyla are Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine + cytosine (G + C) DNA content and mainly represented by the Bifidobacterium genus.66Bifidobacterium genus presented in the human gut have a significant role in maintaining health not only within the gastrointestinal tract but in the rest of the body.68Bifidobacterium genera contribute to butyrate production and inhibiting bacterial translocation.68 Human studies show that the gut microbiome composition is different in children with T1D and healthy controls. At the phylum level, the bacterial number of Actinobacteria was shown to decrease significantly in children with T1D compared to healthy children.45,47 However, another study conducted in Finland reported higher abundance of Actinobacteria in children with T1D.44
Antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria: current state and next-generation solutions
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
M. J. Wallace, S. R. S. Fishbein, G. Dantas
Various efforts to harness beneficial bacteria to ameliorate enteric disease have been put forth in recent years. Bifidobacterium are a well-established component of the commensal gut microbiome and may provide protection against pathogen colonization early in life.140B. infantis was given to a group of healthy term infants, resulting in a 90% decrease in ARGs in comparison to control infants.141 However, it is likely that the therapeutic solution to many states of dysbiosis will not be one bacteria, but rather, a community of bacteria. FMT may provide some efficacy in the case of recurrent CDI, as it may restore colonization resistance.142 Yet, a number of recent studies indicate that this procedure may have adverse outcomes due to transfer of possibly pathogenic, drug-resistant organisms.143 Rigorous screening of donor stools to avoid transfer of MDROs as well as efforts toward formulating a more defined “synthetic microbiota” may offer some hope toward avoiding MDRO transfer. In fact, for CDI, a number of synthetic cocktails of bacterial taxa have been discovered that appear to inhibit C. difficile proliferation in mouse models of disease.144,145 Further studies into the constituents of colonization resistance in a healthy human microbiota that provide protection against AMR enteric disease would spur progress toward this clinically promising approach.
Insights into gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenoside metabolites and their bioactivities
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Li Yang, Hecun Zou, Yongchao Gao, Junjia Luo, Xiaonv Xie, Wenhui Meng, Honghao Zhou, Zhirong Tan
Ginsenosides have high medicinal value and are widely used in Asian countries such as China, South Korea, and Japan. Ginsenosides, which are the main active ingredients of ginseng, are difficult to absorb and have low bioavailability, resulting in prolonged retention in the intestinal tract and low, pharmacological activity in the body as prototypes. These compounds need to be hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal microbiota to produce aglycons and exerts pharmacological effects. During the biotransformation of ginsenosides in vivo, the most beneficial bacteria are Bifidobacterium. At the same time, studies have reported that Bifidobacterium are probiotic to the human body by regulating the intestinal immune function. It is involved in most of the biotransformation of ginsenosides in the body, which increase bioavailability and drug efficacy, and can achieve the effect of treating diseases. In this paper, the metabolic pathway and pharmacological activities of these metabolites are summarized.
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