Water-related insect vectors of disease *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
In addition to rainfall variability, hydraulic development has been known to influence malaria incidence. For example, the construction of the Bargi dam in India resulted in 2.4 times more cases than before (Keiser et al., 2005). Anopheles mosquitoes do not typically develop in the open waters of lakes or reservoirs, preferring the shallow shores of the lakes that may be protected from waves by emergent vegetation, or any small rain fed pools that may form and persist near the water body as a result of increased soil wetness. A river whose moving water is not attractive to mosquitoes for oviposition, once dammed can contain large areas of vegetated fringe that can constitute suitable habitat. Moreover, it may be the case that water impoundments attract human activity for irrigation, washing, recreation, etc. The indirect effects of these impoundments can therefore promote transmission by encouraging vector–human contact.
A
Anton Sebastian in A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Anopheles [Greek: anophele, hurtful] A genus of mosquito. Their role as transmitters of malaria was mentioned in the Sanskrit works of the Brahmin, Susruta (AD 500). The suggestion that it carried the malarial parasite was made by French parasitologist, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922) in 1880. A surgeon in the Indian Medical Services, Ronald Ross (1857–1932) traced the parasite to mosquitoes while working in the Niligiri mountains in India in 1897. He later demonstrated transmission to birds through bites of infected mosquitoes. The extracorporeal development of the malarial parasite in the Anopheles mosquito was shown by Amico Bignami (1862–1929) and Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854–1925) in 1899. Mosquitoes were also shown to be carriers of yellow fever by Carlos Finlay (1833–1915) in Havana in 1889. See mosquito.
Increased Number of Infections with Plasmodium Spp During a Period of Sociopolitical Instability
Meera Chand, John Holton in Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
Transmission dynamics are affected by the number of vectors (density), the human-biting habits (indoors or outdoors), the efficiency of biting, and the longevity of the female anopheline vectors. Only around 25 of the more than 400 anopheline species are good vectors. Anopheles mosquitoes breed in water and each species has its own breeding preference. For example, some prefer shallow collections of fresh water, such as puddles, rice fields, and hoof prints, explaining why different species predominate in different areas. Transmission is more intense in places where the mosquito lifespan is longer (giving the parasite sufficient time to complete its development inside the mosquito). Vectors prefer to bite humans rather than other animals, rest and feed within dwellings, and exhibit high breeding capacity. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which are efficient hosts of P. falciparum, can deliver up to 120 infective bites per person per year, a major reason why approximately 90% of the world’s malaria deaths are in Africa.
Temephos, an organophosphate larvicide for residential use: a review of its toxicity
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Juan Pablo Martínez-Mercado, Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo, Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt, Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García, Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega
Despite its widespread use over five decades, the results displayed in the search surprisingly showed a scant number of studies related to the toxicokinetics of temephos in mammals, including humans. Most papers (n = 651) are related to its use and the resistance, susceptibility, or toxicity of temephos to some mosquito species, such as Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., and Culex spp. Thus, 25 studies about the toxicokinetics and toxicity of temephos in mammals were considered the basis for this review, including the first ones published in the 1960s and the documents from the regulatory agencies. Table 1 shows the literature regarding cholinesterase inhibition and in Table 2, the literature organized by topic (toxicokinetics, DNA, hepatic, neurologic, and reproductive effects).
A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Bianca C. Carlos, Luisa D. P. Rona, George K. Christophides, Jayme A. Souza-Neto
The highest vector diversity is documented in the Amazonian and the Southeastern regions for both of the Nyssorhynchus and the Anopheles subgenera. Of the former subgenus, An. darlingi is reported in all the Amazonian States, and An. albitarsis, An. braziliensis, An. argyritarsis, An. nunesztovari, An. oswaldoi and An. triannulatus are also found in all the Amazonian States but Tocantins (most likely due to limited sampling). The same species are present in Southeastern States that are run by the Atlantic rainforest, and some are also found further south. Most of these species persist but are more scarcely detected in the Midwestern and the non-Amazonian Northeastern States, while other species of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus become more prevalent. Of the Anopheles subgenus, An. mattogrossensis, An. mediopunctatus and An. peryassui are also found in all the Amazonian States but Tocantins, with no or scarce detection in the remaining Northeastern and the Midwestern States. Some of the species persist in Southeastern and Southern States, again suggestive of their forest-related habitats. Species of the Kerteszia subgenus, especially An. bellator and An. cruzii, are widely distributed in Southeastern and Southern States but scarcely found in Amazonian States.
A comparative study on larvicidal potential of selected medicinal plants over green synthesized silver nano particles
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Syed Zameer Ahmed Khader, Sidhra Syed Zameer Ahmed, Jagadeeswari Sathyan, Mohamed Rafi Mahboob, Kisore P. Venkatesh, Kishore Ramesh
Mosquito borne diseases is a major universal health problem causing malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya fever and lymphatic filariasis which are more prevalent in India. It has been reported that 2.5 million cases have been reported with malaria and India alone contributed 76% of the cases [1]. Anopheles stephensi is the malaria causing mosquito of plasmodium genus. About 400 known Anopheles species are normally found everywhere except cold temperate regions. Anopheles stephensi is a major insect vector in the world has been shown directly responsible for about 40–50% of the annual malarial incidence [2]. Similarly, Aedes aegypti a vector of Dengue fever has created a serious public health problem globally. Among the arbovirus in India, spreading all the dengue virus types is constantly increasing [3]. It has been reported that around 50–200 million cases of Dengue fever infection worldwide every year [4]. It is difficult task to control breeding of Aedes aegypti as it is a fresh water breeding mosquito.
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