Ticks
Jerome Goddard in Public Health Entomology, 2022
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma organisms may be transmitted by ticks as well. They are rickettsia-like bacteria that primarily infect circulating leukocytes. The most common of them, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), occurs mostly in the central and southern United States, and infects mononuclear phagocytes in blood and tissues.12 There were 1,799 cases of HME in the United States in 2018.4 A new species of Ehrlichia causing human illness in Minnesota and Wisconsin has recently been recognized.13 Another, Anaplasma (formerly Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum, infects granulocytes and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA); it is mostly reported from the upper Midwest and northeastern United States. There were 4,008 cases of HGA in the United States in 2018.4
On the Sophistication of Herbal Medicines
Aruna Bakhru in Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Plant medicines are exceptionally good for healing resistant infections. They are also very good at dealing with what is coming to be known as stealth infections such as the spirochete that causes Lyme disease. Stealth pathogens are very different than the bacteria (first-generation pathogens) for which antibiotics were created in the latter half of the twentieth century (such as Staphylococcus). At present, the major members of the Lyme group of infectious microorganisms are Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Chlamydia, Ehrlichia, and Mycoplasma. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and the other Rickettsia are a growing presence as are many Wolbachia organisms. At least 20 others, which are much less well known and generally, at this point, significantly less common, are beginning to be recognized as growing threats. Coinfection can occur with any of them.
Powassan Virus
Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek in Neuroviral Infections, 2013
The symptoms reported for POWV infections in Russia between 1974 and 1989 included fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, drowsiness, neurological and meningeal symptoms, paralysis, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and spastic hemiparesis (Leonova et al. 1991). Only one fatality was reported, which may be attributed to a dual infection with TBEV (Leonova et al. 1991). In Russia, POWV co-circulates with TBEV, and therefore the incidence of encephalitis cases caused by POWV may be masked by those caused by TBEV. In addition, coinfections with both viruses have been shown to occur (Leonova et al. 1991). It should be noted that the Russian strains of POWV isolated between 1972 and 2006 are genetically highly homologous to strains belonging to lineage I POWV (Leonova et al. 2009). Dual infections with other tick-borne pathogens have also been noted in the United States, e.g., Anaplasma phaghocytophilum (Hoang Johnson et al. 2010).
Additional considerations for anti-tick vaccine research
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
José de la Fuente, Marinela Contreras
Vaccination with Subolesin has shown protection against multiple tick species and pathogen infection/transmission [3,6]. The use of Subolesin-based vaccines alone or in combination with other antigens have reached 80–97% efficacy, similar or higher than that obtained with other tick antigens such as Bm86/Bm95, Metalloprotease, Ribosomal protein P0, Ferritin 2, and Aquaporin [6] (reviewed by [3]). Under field conditions, vaccination with the Subolesin-Anaplasma marginale Major surface protein 1a chimeric antigen resulted in reduction of tick infestations and pathogen infection/transmission in cattle and sheep [7]. These results support the possibility of combining tick and pathogen derived antigens for the control of tick infestations and TBD. Furthermore, Subolesin has shown efficacy in the control of cattle tick infestations with an oral vaccine formulation with heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis [8] and the combination with Bm86 in a subcutaneous vaccine formulation.
High throughput discovery and characterization of tick and pathogen vaccine protective antigens using vaccinomics with intelligent Big Data analytic techniques
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
José De La Fuente, Margarita Villar, Agustin Estrada-Peña, José A. Olivas
Vaccinomics is a holistic approach based on the use of genome-scale or omics technologies and bioinformatics in a systems biology approach for the characterization of tick-host-pathogen molecular interactions and the development of next-generation vaccines [10,11]. Therefore, vaccinomics translates basic biological information of tick-host-pathogen molecular interactions into the identification and subsequent evaluation of new vaccine antigens. The application of the vaccinomics approach has resulted in the identification of tick-derived (e.g. Silk, Trospa, Lipocalin, and Lectin pathway inhibitor) and pathogen-derived (Anaplasma Major surface protein 4 and Heat shock protein 70) protective antigens [12–15]. Furthermore, the combination of vaccinomics with the evaluation of the risk of TBDs and vaccine efficacy would allow the identification and combination of tick and pathogen derived protective antigens to target different biological processes for the development of vaccines to prevent or reduce the risk of TBDs [8,9].
A novel Ehrlichia strain (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) detected in Amblyomma triste (Acari: Ixodidae), a tick species of public health importance in the Southern Cone of America
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Gabriel L. Cicuttin, María N. De Salvo, Paula Díaz Pérez, Darío Silva, María L. Félix, José M. Venzal, Santiago Nava
In total, 218 adults of A. triste (38 from INTA E.E.A. Delta del Paraná and 180 from Toledo Chico) were analyzed for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infection. One tick (0.45%) was positive for the initial PCR of the Anaplasmataceae family. The positive tick was a female collected in INTA E.E.A Delta del Paraná. The sequence obtained from a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene (GenBank accession number: MT672744) matched with a high similarity with different 16S sequences belonging to species and strains of the genus Ehrlichia.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaplasma Phagocytophilum
- Anaplasmosis
- Babesiosis
- Blood Cell
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Zoonosis
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Rickettsiales
- Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
- Anaplasma Platys