Vitamin E supplementation retards the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Ronald R. Watson in NUTRIENTS and FOODS in AIDS, 2017
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a clinical disorder representing the end point in a progression sequence of immune suppressive changes that render the body highly susceptible to life-threatening tumors and opportunistic infections. AIDS has been identified as a major public health priority in the U.S. with heavy social and economic impact. A recent analysis estimated that 700,000 to 900,000 U.S. residents (approximately 0.3% of the population) are infected with HIV, and about 40,000 persons are infected annually in the U.S.1,2 Each year, around 60,000 are diagnosed with an AIDS-related opportunistic infection.2 The Centers for Disease Control reported that 85,430 persons died from this condition.3 Through 1994, more than 325,000 persons diagnosed with AIDS residing in the U.S. had died.4 AIDS is the leading cause of death among all Americans aged 25 to 44.4 The World Health Organization estimates that more than 10 million people throughout the world are infected with HIV.5 Immune and other physiological defects induced by HIV infection appear to be progressive and irreversible with a high mortality rate that approaches 100%.6
Analysis of a Simple HIV/TB Coinfection Model with the Effect of Scree
Anne George, K. S. Joshy, Mathew Sebastian, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi, Sabu Thomas in Holistic Approaches to Infectious Diseases, 2017
The ‘Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)’ is a deadly disease of the human immune system that is caused by infection with the ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).’ As per the current understanding of the AIDS, in the initial stage of infection, a person experiences a brief period of influenza-like illness. Later in the subsequent stages, this is typically followed by a prolonged period without any significant symptoms. As the illness progresses, it interferes more and more with the immune system, making the person much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not usually affect people who have efficient working immune systems. Worldwide about 33.2 million people live with AIDS and about 2.1 million AIDS related death occurs including 3,30,000 children (UNAIDS, 2007).
Drug-related infections
G. Hussein Rassool in Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). HIV is a retrovirus that attacks CD4 host cell receptors. CD4 receptors are found on macrophages, microglial cells and most importantly certain lymphocytes (T4 – helper cells). The HIV replicates within the cell and then destroys it. When the immune system loses too many CD4 cells and becomes impaired, the infected person becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections and unusual tumours. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is a collection of rare infections and cancers that people with HIV can develop. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when he or she has less than 200 CD4 cells and/or one of 21 AIDS-defining opportunistic infections. Some of the opportunistic infections and tumors in late stage of AIDS are presented in Table 14.1.
Efavirenz-loaded intranasal microemulsion for crossing blood-CNS interfaces in neuronal-AIDS: pharmacokinetic and in vivo safety evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Chandrakant Kokare, Dhanashri Koli, Dnyandev Gadhave, Chandrashekhar Mote, Gajendra Khandekar
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a spectrum of circumstances caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Around 35 million people are infected with the HIV that reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). About 3.2 million people are youngster having an age of 15 years (Vyas et al. 2006; Belgamwar et al. 2017). The global population infected with HIV is 78 million and death due to AIDS is 39 millions either. It is the 6th leading cause of a death around the world (Hasegawa and Kawaguchi 2002; Hanson and Frey 2007; Gomes et al. 2014). Existing therapies of antiretroviral agents are active only against plasma viral concentration but, ineffective in eliminating the infection from other sites such as central nervous system (CNS) because of the toughest physiological barrier. HIV being neurotropic virus enters easily and remains unaffected due to negligible permeation of anti HIV agents inside the brain therefore, the CNS is a sanctuary region for viral replication (Rao et al. 2009).
Approaches for CNS delivery of drugs – nose to brain targeting of antiretroviral agents as a potential attempt for complete elimination of major reservoir site of HIV to aid AIDS treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Shweta Gupta, Rajesh Kesarla, Abdelwahab Omri
Poorly soluble drugs are highly prevalent in the pharmaceutical field leading to low bioavailability. These drugs pose a major challenge to the formulation scientists to increase the bioavailability and develop a targeted drug delivery system. Drug delivery to the brain is even more challenging due to the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and brain cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused due to infection with human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most dreaded and life-threatening infection. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 36.7 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS including 2.1 million children of less than 15 years age, and an estimated 1.8 million individuals worldwide are newly infected with HIV every year [1]. AIDS is one of the leading causes of death. Hence, in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infections, challenges with existing drug therapies, and ways to enhance the efficacy of the drug and drug delivery systems for such dreaded diseases are needed for further research in the benefit of society.
Neochlorogenic acid: an anti-HIV active compound identified by screening of Cortex Mori [Morus Alba L. (Moraceae)]
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Jing Li, Lu Dou, Shuangfeng Chen, Honghao Zhou, Fangzheng Mou
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease characterised by an injured systemic immune system due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Lu et al. 2018; Seydi et al. 2018). Reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), and protease (PR) enzymes are essential for three key steps during HIV infection and nucleic acid replication and are also the main targets of HIV drug treatments (Andrabi et al. 2014; Laskey and Siliciano 2014). Recently, the search for new drug targets has been an important trend in HIV drug developmental studies, and RT inhibitors are a hotspot in the development of anti-HIV drugs (Wang et al. 2020). Since HIV RT is not a high-fidelity DNA polymerase and lacks proofreading function, it will cause increased mutation rates in HIV during the replication process. Therefore, the emergence of drug-resistant viruses is inevitable.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Opportunistic Infection
- Retrovirus
- Viral Load
- Immune System
- Neoplasm
- Infection
- Tuberculosis
- HIV-Positive People
- HIV
- Influenza-Like Illness