The Health Care Consumer Population
Marcia Egan, Goldie Kadushin in Social Work Practice in Community-Based Health Care, 2012
HIV is the virus that attacks the immune system by infecting a specific white blood cell (i.e., CD4+), depressing the immune system and, thus, impairing the ability of the body to fight infection and diseases, and causing AIDS. White blood cells are an important part of the immune system that helps fight infections. Being infected with HIV (i.e., HIV+), however, does not mean that a person has AIDS. Rather, AIDS is the last and most severe stage of the HIV infection. As the virus attacks and destroys CD4+ white blood cells, the immune system becomes less able to fight infection and disease. A diagnosis of AIDS is based on the presence of one or both of the following: an opportunistic infection or certain malignancies, and/or levels of CD4+ cells below 200 cells per microliter. An opportunistic infection, such as pneumocystis pneumonia, or a cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, is a disease that would not develop in a person with an intact immune system (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a).
ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
What is blood? Vertebrate blood (which is a form of CONNECTIVE TISSUE) is composed of several types of cells suspended in PLASMA. Some 45% of blood volume is made up of cells, the remainder being fluid: plasma, which is 90% water with various ELECTROLYTES present (these maintain the appropriate OSMOTIC PRESSURE of the blood) and PROTEINS (which have several functions: some transport insoluble LIPIDS, some are ANTIBODIES, and some are involved in blood clotting). There are also many molecules present in the blood that are in transit from one place to another—the bloodstream is a major transport system. The majority of the cells present in the blood are ERYTHROCYTES, which are more colloquially known as red blood cells—the colour comes from the molecule HAEMOGLOBIN, a protein which can carry oxygen. Oxygen transport is the major function of erythrocytes. There are also white blood cells (see LEUKOCYTE): these come in five types: MONOCYTE, NEUTROPHIL, BASOPHIL, EOSINOPHIL and LYMPHOCYTE. All are important components of the IMMUNE SYSTEM. PLATELETS are also present in the blood: these are chips of CYTOPLASM and are important in blood clotting. All of these cells need continually to be replaced: STEM CELLS in bone marrow do this.
Blood and hemostasis
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
There are five types of white blood cells that are classified as either granulocytes or agranulocytes (possessing cytoplasmic granules or not, respectively): GranulocytesNeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophilsAgranulocytesMonocytesLymphocytes
Evaluation of blood cellular and biochemical parameters in rats under a chronic hypoxic environment at high altitude
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Chunlong Yan, Dengfeng Tian, Chenhong Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Yanqiu Sun
White blood cells are a very important kind of blood cell in the blood. In addition, White blood cells are the ‘guardians’ of the human body in the fight against the disease. When bacteria invade the human body, white blood cells can pass through the capillary wall through deformation, concentrate on the invasion site of bacteria, and surround and engulf the bacteria [13–14]. Different kinds of white blood cells participate in the body’s defence response in different ways [15–16]. Table 2 shows that compared with the Control group, WBC, LYMP, EO, LYMP% and EO% in the HA group decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and ANC% increased significantly (p < 0.05). The ANC, MONO and BASO in the HA group were lower than those in the Control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Figure 2(A–F)). The MONO% and BASO% in the HA group were higher than those in the Control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The white blood cells in the blood components of rats at high altitudes changed, there were increases in the number of white blood cells, the absolute number of lymphocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes, the absolute number of eosinophils, and the percentage of eosinophils and a decrease in the percentage of neutrophils. The changes in leukocyte-related indicators in the HA group suggest that the body’s resistance to disease is reduced in the low hypoxic environment at high altitudes. Whether this is related to the occurrence of acute and chronic high-altitude disease remains to be further studied.
Ionizing radiation induces ferroptosis in granulocyte-macrophage hematopoietic progenitor cells of murine bone marrow
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Xiaohong Zhang, Xueshuang Xing, Huiwen Liu, Jundong Feng, Mengxin Tian, Shuquan Chang, Peidang Liu, Haiqian Zhang
White blood cells include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages) derive from GM-HPCs, and the origin of eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes is complex. Importantly, Chai et al. (2015) reported that the iron overload mouse model shows decreased numbers of GM-HPCs. Thus, we chose to examine the effect of iron accumulation on the GM-HPC counts in the bone marrow of irradiated mice. GM-CFU was used to measure the number of GM-HPCs in the bone marrow 24 h after gamma-irradiated mice received LDN193189. LDN193189 attenuated the reduction in GM-CFU counts in irradiated mice (Figure 4(A)). The data indicate that gamma radiation-induced iron accumulation in the bone marrow causes a decrease in the number of GM-HPCs. Also, hematoxylin and eosin staining showed an increase in lipocytes and a reduction in BMMCs in the bone marrow tissue of irradiated mice. LDN193189 attenuated the augment in lipocytes and the decrease in BMMCs (Figure 4(B)). BMMCs are a mixed population of single nucleus cells, including hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The attenuated reduction in BMMCs by LDN193189 further supports that iron accumulation causes a decrease in the number of GM-HPCs in irradiated bone marrow.
Research progress and value of albumin-related inflammatory markers in the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of clinical evidence
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Chuan-long Zhang, Meng-qi Gao, Xiao-chen Jiang, Xue Pan, Xi-yuan Zhang, Yi Li, Qian Shen, Yan Chen, Bo Pang
Inflammation of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is characterized by the presence of host leukocytes in both stroma and tumour sites [37]. White blood cells include neutrophils and lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, with neutrophils and lymphocytes being the most strongly associated with inflammation [38]. Current studies have shown that neutrophils play a key role at different stages of tumour development. TME can influence the emergence of distinct neutrophil phenotypes that give rise to several key mediators associated with tumour growth and aggressiveness. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a commonly used marker of systemic inflammation. NLR >5 is generally considered to indicate ongoing systemic inflammation [39]. NLR can be used to predict the prognosis of patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC treated with PD-1 inhibitors [40]. LMR has also been used as one of the markers of systemic inflammation [41,42]. In recent years, the role of platelet count in inflammation has also been gradually appreciated [43,44]. The emergence of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) threatens the status of NLR to some extent [45,46]. Thus we describe albumin-related inflammatory markers based on peripheral blood cells, mainly including PNI, advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI), Alb concentration combined with NLR (COA-NLR), NLR × D-dimer count/albumin (NLDA), albumin and neutrophil combined prognostic grade (ANPG) and HALP. Their definitions were detailed in Table 3.