Diabetes mellitus
Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle in Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin. The most common reason for Type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence susceptibility (Williams and Pickup, 2004). Type 1 diabetes usually develops in a younger age group and pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes may have managed their condition for a number of years. Symptoms of undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes can be severe and have a sudden onset. Without insulin the cells cannot utilise available glucose and blood sugar levels rise. High blood glucose levels pass into the kidneys and filter into the urine (glycosuria). Glucose pulls water after it, resulting in polyuria and dehydration. Thirst increases to maintain body fluids. Weight loss occurs as the body tries to mobilise energy from fats and protein. The breakdown of body fat causes an excess production of ketone bodies. These are acidic and when they accumulate in the blood, the pH drops, causing ketoacidosis (Waugh and Grant, 2006). Diabetes is treated by using insulin injections to control blood glucose levels to within the normal range and eating a diet containing a controlled amount of carbohydrates. The changes to carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy present a challenge to women with Type 1 diabetes to maintain their normal blood sugars.
Diabetes
Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle in Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin. The most common reason for Type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence susceptibility10. Type 1 diabetes usually develops in a younger age group, and pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes may have managed their condition for a number of years. Symptoms of undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes can be severe and have a sudden onset. Without insulin the cells cannot utilise available glucose, and blood sugar levels rise. High blood glucose levels pass into the kidneys and filter into the urine (glycosuria). Glucose pulls water after it, resulting in polyuria (excess urination) and consequently dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Thirst increases to maintain body fluids. Weight loss occurs as the body tries to mobilise energy from fats and protein. The breakdown of body fat causes an excess production of ketone bodies. These are acidic, and when they accumulate in the blood, the pH drops, causing ketoacidosis11. Diabetes is treated by using insulin injections to control blood glucose levels to within the normal range. Adjustments to doses of insulin are made according to carbohydrate intake and levels of activity. The changes to carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy present a challenge to women with Type 1 diabetes to maintain their normal blood sugars. There are a number of acute and long-term complications of Type 1 diabetes including the risk of hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia (leading to ketoacidosis) and damage to blood vessels.
Athletes with Chronic Conditions
Flavia Meyer, Zbigniew Szygula, Boguslaw Wilk in Fluid Balance, Hydration, and Athletic Performance, 2016
Type 1 diabetes is generally caused by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. As a result, individuals affected by type 1 diabetes lose the ability to synthesize and secrete their own insulin and are thus dependent on exogenous sources of insulin (through injection or by insulin pump infusion) to control blood glucose levels. Without insulin, the body is unable to take glucose from the circulation for storage or energy production in the tissues. While exogenous insulin allows glucose uptake to take place, the fine-tuned adjustments that occur naturally with a healthy pancreas (i.e., declines in insulin secretion and increases in glucagon release during physical activity to maintain relatively constant blood glucose levels) are very difficult to replicate. Depending on the timing and dosage of injections with respect to the exercise sessions, athletes with type 1 diabetes might find themselves in either a hyperinsulinemic or hypoinsulinemic state. The end result is that they may be prone to large fluctuations in blood glucose, which can have potentially negative outcomes.
A Descriptive Study of the Quality of Life and Burden of Mothers of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Published in Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 2023
Erica Gallegos, Kasey B. Harmon, Gilliane Lee, Yongyue Qi, Vanessa D. Jewell
Type 1 diabetes affects one out of 400-600 children, making this chronic condition one of the prevalent in the United States (Pettitt et al., 2014). Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body does not produce insulin and requires artificial insulin to survive (Craig et al., 2014). Type 1 diabetes occurs in approximately 5-10% of people with diabetes, with most reported cases diagnosed in children (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2021). The disease requires immediate and constant attention and can often cause life-threatening conditions (Fritsch et al., 2011). Caregivers must adhere to a strict daily health management routine to promote the health of the child or adolescent (Streisand & Monaghan, 2014). For example, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes require continuous day and night glucose monitoring, daily guidance on nutrition intake, and collaboration between the adults (e.g., teacher, babysitters, relatives) involved in health management tasks (Hess-Fischl, 2015; Monaghan et al., 2009). This health management routine can contribute to disruption and stress in the caregiver’s life (Caro et al., 2018) and thus, also impacts the entire family unit.
The effects of pomegranate peel extract on the gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes in a rat model of alloxan-induced diabetes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Shahrokh Bagheri, Reza Mohammadrezaei Khorramabadi, Vahideh Assadollahi, Peyman Khosravi, Ahmad Cheraghi Venol, Saeed Veiskerami, Hassan Ahmadvand
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder caused by the lack of insulin secretion or loss of cell sensitivity to insulin. DM is associated with increased blood glucose levels and disturbed metabolism of proteins and lipids (Halim and Halim 2019). Diabetes has a high prevalence and it is considered to be one of the most critical health problems worldwide. Type 1 diabetes is caused by failure of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin, which can occur due to immune reactions (e.g. T lymphocytes) against these cells or the effects of environmental factors (Tan et al. 2019). Hyperglycaemia caused by diabetes may lead to complications such as blindness, chronic renal failure, liver disorders, and a variety of neuropathies, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis (Landon et al. 2020). The role of oxidative stress has been suggested in hyperglycaemia-induced complications. Hyperglycaemia enhances the production of NADH and FADH2, and prevents the delivery of protons via the complex III of the electron transport chain, which results in overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of oxidative stress (Yaribeygi et al. 2019). On the other hand, ROS are highly toxic to cellular components, especially cell membranes that are predominantly composed of lipids. ROS break down membrane lipids and create lipid peroxide that is highly toxic to cells. ROS are metabolised via various non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways to reduce oxidative stress within cells (Su et al. 2019).
Increased Circulating Osteoprotegerin Levels in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Observational Studies
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Chun-Cui Duan, Chengcheng Ma, Hai-Qin Tang
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus, as one of the life-long autoimmune diseases, is caused by cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cell in the pancreas, ultimately leading to an inability to produce insulin (Atkinson et al. 2019). Literatures have revealed that the incidence and prevalence of T1DM are still on the rise (Patterson et al. 2012). T1D has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications that involved in major vascular and microvascular, with a 2- to 10-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than the normal populations (Pambianco et al. 2006; Soedamah-Muthu et al. 2006). In addition, the relationships between bone metabolism and T1D have been extensively investigated. It has been discovered that T1D could disturb the normal bone metabolism and cause low bone mineral density (BMD), make it prone to fracture or prolong fracture healing time (Shah et al. 2018, 2015; Thong et al. 2018; Vistisen et al. 2016). Patients with T1D appeared to have increased risks of impairing the attainment of peak bone mass, reducing bone mass (Carnevale et al. 2004) and increasing the risk of osteoporosis (Heap et al. 2004), but the mechanism remained to be clarified. The adverse effects of hyperglycemia on osteoblasts, osteoclasts or bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) may contribute to this.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blurred Vision
- Glucose
- Hyperglycemia
- Polyphagia
- Immune System
- Autoimmune Disease
- Polydipsia
- Polyuria
- Insulin
- Blood Sugar Level