Clinical Studies In Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Siegfried Matzku, Rolf A. Stahel in Antibodies in Diagnosis and Therapy, 2019
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their derivatives are useful in therapeutic applications and as probes of the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. mAbs have been evaluated for treatment of a number of inflammatory disorders including sepsis/ systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, acute transplant rejection, graft versus host disease, vascular ischemia and other disorders. The chapter provides a brief overview of each of the mAbs of interest and the latter section is divided into separate inflammatory disorders with more detailed descriptions of mAb therapies. Tumor necrosis factor has been implicated as a primary proinflammatory mediator involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Anti-platelet therapy is effective in preventing acute thromboembolic artery occlusion by inhibiting platelet activation. Combinations of mAbs have been evaluated in animal and human studies of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Inhibiting Insulin Resistance and Accumulation of Triglycerides and Cholesterol in the Liver
Christophe Wiart in Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Visceral obesity favors the generation of reactive oxygen species, plasmatic nonesterified fatty acids, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 that act synergistically to bring about hepatic insulin resistance. Activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol, via the suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Excess of plasma glucose and triglycerides in metabolic syndrome result is fatty acid accumulation in the liver disrupting hepatocytes function leading to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Spontaneous type 2 diabetic obese db/db mice receiving orally bark powder of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg for 12 weeks had fasting glucose levels reduced by more than 50% and insulinaemia increased by 74%. Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill. given at a dose of 0.3 g/kg/day for 28 days to streptozotocin-diabetic rats reduced fasting glucose levels by 71%, improved glucose tolerance, lowered daily water intake, and increased body mass gain compared with untreated diabetic animals.
Advances in Avascular Necrosis of the Hip joint
K. Mohan Iyer in Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
This chapter discusses nontraumatic Femoral head osteonecrosis (FHON). Different reasons have been suggested for the basic cause of the necrosis. Obviously patients who have an increased coagulation status can be potential candidates for avascular necrosis. Besides, alcohol and corticosteroids can activate immune mechanisms that can be related to inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta. Despite all extended studies the exact mechanism and the common justifying reason of osteonecrosis of the femoral head are still unclear. An anteroposterior view of the pelvis and lateral hip radiographs are the main steps for the primary diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard and the method of choice in the diagnosis of FHON in the precollapse stages of the femoral head. A computed tomography scan is the most sensitive test for the diagnosis of a small subchondral fracture that cannot be very clear in radiography or MRI.
Ocular complications of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Tanya Kowalski, Heather G Mack
Tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors are a relatively recent development and are becoming increasingly common in the management of many chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. However, their ocular side effect profile is incomplete and poorly recognised, with mostly anecdotal cases reported in the literature. In this report we review the literature regarding ocular side effects associated with tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade.
Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a view on effectiveness, clinical practice and toxicity
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2014
Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis is a common and often severe chronic joint disorder associated with the skin disease psoriasis (PsO). Treatment options for psoriatic arthritis patients have changed considerably over the last decade with the widespread use of biological therapies, in particular tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Current clinical experience based on large registries and careful observations now allows us to understand the true value of these interventions in daily clinical practice. Areas covered: Literature searches were performed targeting effectiveness, drug survival, toxicity and safety of biological therapies as well as treatment strategies specifically focused on patients with psoriatic arthritis. Expert opinion: Tumour necrosis factor inhibition is a powerful and effective option for the treatment of severe psoriatic arthritis. The different available drugs have good survival rates and show an excellent balance between effectiveness and toxicity. Switching of inhibitor is feasible, but treatment changes should be carefully considered. Novel biological therapies are introduced into the market and will further provide better perspectives for the patient. New questions are also emerging: How to handle long-term remission, can biological therapies be successfully stopped and are co-morbidities sufficiently managed? These questions should be addressed for optimal long-term management of a severe chronic disease.
Tumour necrosis factor like cytokine 1A levels and lesion complexity in non-smoking patients with coronary artery disease
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Aydın Akyüz, Demet Özkaramanlı Gür, Şeref Alpsoy, Savaş Güzel
Background: Tumour necrosis factor like cytokine 1A (TL1A), which is a member of tumour necrosis factor alpha superfamily (TNF-α), is a novel indicator of atherosclerosis. Objective: Smoking is an established stimulant of TNF-α. We aimed to investigate whether TLA1 plays a role in the presence and complexity of coronary artery atherosclerosis, exclusively in non-smoking patients with CAD. Methods: We enrolled 103 participants in the study, who underwent coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris. We divided the study population into 2 groups: The CAD group consisted of 62 patients with CAD and the control group consisted of 41 subjects with non-CAD. SYNTAX and Gensini scores, indicating CAD severity and complexity, were analysed as well as TLA1 levels. Results: TLA1 levels was higher in patients with CAD than those in controls (228[119–824] vs 178[15–418]pg/ml, p
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