Genome-Editing Strategy for Medicinal Plants Growing under Adverse Environmental Pollution
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
The breakdown of contaminants by plants is termed phytodegradation or phytotransformation. Plants take up the contaminants and break them down with the help of enzymes through the metabolic process (Table 13.5). Enzymes catalyse and accelerate the degradation of organic pollutants and convert them into simpler forms which further aid in plant growth. Trinitrotoluene (TNT), an explosive, has contaminated many sites due to the limited success of remediation techniques. However, many plant species were found able to break down TNT. The phytodegradation of TNT has major limitations as it affects the growth of the plants. One of the soil bacteria (Entereo cloaca) was found to utilize this explosive as its nitrogen source. Two enzymes (PETN reductase and nitroreductase) were responsible for degrading the TNT into a harmless product. The gene responsible for producing these two enzymes were transferred into tobacco plants. This led to the formation of a transgenic tobacco plant to degrade TNT more efficiently without compromising its growth.
Miscellaneous Applications
Vlado Valković in Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
The list of explosive compounds has more than 100 items including some improvised primary explosives like acetone peroxide, diazodinitrophenol (ddnp/dinol), double salts, hmtd, leadazide, lead picrate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKAP), mercury fulminate, “milk booster”, nitromannite, sodium azide and some others. Instruction on how to prepare them can be found in the open literature and on the internet. However, the most often used explosives are: Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), Cyclotrimetilentrinitramin (RDX), Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl), Tetrytol and Hexatol. TNT, commonly known as TNT, is a constituent of many explosives, such as amatol, pentolite, tetrytol, hexatol, torpex, tritonal, picratol, ednatol and composition B. It has been used under such names as Triton, Trotyl, Trilite, Trinol and Tritolo. In a refined form, TNT is one of the most stable of high explosives and can be stored over long periods of time. It is relatively insensitive to blows or friction. TNT is used in pressed and cast form. Pressed TNT can be used as a booster or as a bursting charge for high-explosive shells and bombs. PETN is one of the strongest known high explosives. It has also been used under such names as Pentrit, Nitropenta, Niperyt and TEN. It is more sensitive to shock or friction than TNT or tetryl, thus it is never used alone as a booster. It is primarily used in booster and bursting charges of small-caliber ammunition, in upper charges of detonators in some land mines and shells, in shaped charges, and as the explosive core of primacord. It is also used as an explosive compound in plastic explosives (PEP).
Techniques for Performing Stoichiometric Calculations
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk in Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
The following reaction shows the synthesis of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT): How many grams of HNO3 are required to exactly react with 454 grams of C7H8?How many grams of TNT (theoretical yield) can be formed from 829 grams of C7H8?How many grams of C7H8 are required to form 2.00 kilograms of TNT?
Clinical outcomes using a 3D printed tandem-needle-template and the EMBRACE-II planning aims for image guided adaptive brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2023
Anne Cobussen, Primoz Petric, Christian Nielsen Wulff, Simon Buus, Harald Spejlborg, Søren Kynde Nielsen, Anders Traberg, Bjarne Meisner, Steffen Hokland, Jacob Christian Lindegaard
In our experience, there are two major indications to use 3DP TNT, which are reflected by the characteristics of the two groups (P and P&O) of our study. Thus, the main indication for TNT in the P group was narrow vaginal anatomy. This assertion is consistent with the finding that small-diameter TNT was used in 86% of cases in the P-group which also had a higher mean age. This implies a higher proportion of postmenopausal patients with smaller vaginal dimensions, and lower elasticity. In contrast, the dominant features of the P&O group included poor response to EBRT and large CTVHR. In line with our clinical experience, the principal indications for the use of 3DP TNT in the P&O group were therefore unfavorable tumor size, shape, and pattern of infiltration, necessitating the use of oblique needles or even individualization of the TNT geometry. Finally, it can be assumed that some patients from both groups presented with both narrow vaginal anatomy and unfavorable tumor features as combined indication for 3DP TNT.
In vitro metabolism of HMTD and blood stability and toxicity of peroxide explosives (TATP and HMTD) in canines and humans
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Michelle D. Gonsalves, Lindsay McLennan, Angela L. Slitt, James L. Smith, Jimmie C. Oxley
Energetic materials can be classified by chemical structure; including nitrate esters, nitroaromatics, nitroamines, peroxide, and others. The toxicity of most military explosives is well-characterised, with even some therapeutic properties being identified. For example, nitrate ester explosives, such as nitroglycerine and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), are widely used as vasodilators to treat angina (FDA 2014). Ill side effects have been linked to other explosives. Nitroaromatic explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol), and tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine), may cause cytotoxicity, their metabolic pathways include single- or two-electron enzymatic reduction that forms radical species (Nemeikaite-Ceniene et al.2006). Nitroamine explosives, such as RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane) and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane), may be carcinogenic, their metabolic pathways promote the formation of N-nitroso species which cause genetic damage (Pan et al.2007). However, the metabolic pathways and toxicity of peroxide explosives, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) (Colizza et al.2019, Gonsalves et al.2020) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD, Figure 1) have not been thoroughly investigated.
The sp3/sp2 carbon ratio as a modulator of in vivo and in vitro toxicity of the chemically purified detonation-synthesized nanodiamond via the reactive oxygen species generation
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Dong-Keun Lee, Sangwook Ha, Soyeon Jeon, Jiyoung Jeong, Dong-Jae Kim, Seung Whan Lee, Wan-Seob Cho
Nanodiamonds (NDs) have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest due to their unique structural, chemical, biological, mechanical, and optical properties (Mochalin et al. 2011). In recent studies, ND particles have been of particular interest in the biomedical field for use in imaging, diagnostics, and drug or gene delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility and ease of surface modification (Mochalin et al. 2011; Schrand, Hens, and Shenderova 2009). There are various synthesis methods of NDs including detonation (Volkov, Danilenko, and Elin 1990), micro-plasma-assisted technique (Kumar et al. 2013), and laser ablation (Yang, Wang, and Liu 1998). On the commercial scale, NDs are more commonly produced using trinitrotoluene (TNT) and/or hexogen (RDX), called detonation-synthesized nanodiamonds (DNDs) (Ho 2010). As-synthesized DND soot usually consists of a diamond core of 2–10 nm diameter and an outer layer covered by sp2 (graphitic/amorphous) carbon (Mochalin et al. 2011). Therefore, DND soot essentially requires a purification process before their applications.
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