Adenovirus
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are classified in the family Adenoviridae, which is further divided into the genera Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Icthadenovirus. The genus Mastadenovirus includes all of the species infecting humans as well as simian, murine, bovine, equine, porcine, ovine, canine species, and opossums.1 The first HAdV was isolated in 1953 from human adenoids.2 Using traditional serological methods, 51 serotypes were identified and subsequently classified into seven species HAdV-A to HAdV-F, according to their biophysical, biochemical, phylogenetic, and genetic characteristics. Different serotypes differ in their tissue tropisms and sites of infection. The novel HAdVs identified afterward were detected and characterized using genomic data, and the term type is used for these novel HAdVs. The first HAdV identified on the basis of genetic analysis was classified as a novel species (HAdV-G) and was characterized as type 52.3 The Human Adenovirus Working Group (http:// hadvwg.gmu.edu/, accessed April 14, 2018) currently recognizes 84 HAdV types, assigned to species (Table 2.1). Of these, 4 types have been categorized into HAdV-A, 16 types in HAdV-B, 5 types in HAdV-C, 55 types in HAdV-D, 1 type in HAdV-E, 2 types in HAdV-F, and 1 type in HAdV-G.
Cryptococcus
Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro in Pocket Guide to Mycological Diagnosis, 2019
In the past, serotypes were identified by tests based on agglutination of cells against specific capsular antibodies, but the test is no longer commercially available or used in epidemiological studies. Currently, the C. neoformans species complex includes major molecular types named VN types that correspond to serotypes or varieties used within the extensive previous related literature. For example: VNI and VNII types correspond to serotype A, also named C.neoformans var. grubii; VNIV type corresponds to serotype D, named C. neoformans var. neoformans by some authors. In the same way, C. gattii species complex includes four major VG molecular types and two serotypes (B and C). The molecular VN-VG types are identified by the URA5-RFLP method, but some authors, to identify major AFLP types, also use the AFLP method (Trilles et al., 2003).
Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan in Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
Coronavirus has spherical/pleomorphic, covered, single-stranded, and enveloped RNA with club-modelled glycoprotein. It has subtypes. The subtypes of coronaviruses are alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and delta (δ). Each subtype has numerous serotypes. Humans are affected by some subtypes; others affect pigs, cats, birds, dogs and mice. Initially, this virus was treated as a non-fatal, simple virus in 2002. Afterwards, it started spreading to various countries, namely, America, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. In 2003, more than 1,000 patients were affected by SARS-Cov; it was called the black year of the microbiologist. In 2004, WHO announced a “state of emergency” for disease control and prevention. Several infected patients’ deaths were reported by Saudi Arabia in 2012. Afterwards, COVID-19 was identified and emerged from Wuhan city (Kumar, 2020).
Natural and vaccine-induced B cell-derived systemic and mucosal humoral immunity to human papillomavirus
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa, Hélène Péré, Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, David Veyer, Jean-François Meye, Antoine Touzé, Laurent Bélec
The criterion used to designate serotypes is generally based upon a fold difference in antibody-mediated neutralization titers between viral types. The serotype classification for HPV is more complex. Indeed, a L1 protein specific to a given HPV genotype is able to induce neutralizing anti-L1 antibodies only restricted to this specific HPV genotype. Other HPV genotypes cannot be recognized by these antibodies. Thus, this antigenic specificity of the L1 protein of HPV could constitute the basis for the classification of HPV into different serotypes. In this case, one L1 serotype could be constituted by a viral type inducing a population of neutralizing antibodies specific to only one HPV genotype [74–76]. However, for HPV it exist within the same genotype, several phylogenetic subsets called variants which differ from each other only by few variations (less than 2%) within the sequence of the L1 gene coding for the L1 protein of HPV [4]. Such tiny variations between two different L1 sequences could lead to the production of almost identical L1 proteins, which would induce the production of neutralizing antibodies having substantially the same epitopes and therefore being able to recognize several different variants at the same time [77]. However, for some HPV genotype such as HPV31, the characterized HPV-31 variants have shown to belong to a single L1 serotype [78].
Antimicrobial resistance among clinical Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolates: systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Qianxing Wu, Ali Zaman Vaziri, Nazanin Omidi, Vahab Hassan Kaviar, Abbas Maleki, Parand Khadivar, Ebrahim Kouhsari
Globally, WHO stated about 2.9 million new cholera cases and 21,000 to 143,000 cholera-related mortalities occur yearly [1]. Vibrio cholerae strains belonging to O1 and O139 serogroups are well-known etiologic agents that are also related to epidemics and pandemics of cholera, especially in many Asian and African countries [2,3]. V. cholerae belonging to other serogroups are collectively designated as non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) and are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal invasive diseases, including cholera‐like acute diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, wound infection, meningitis, bacteremia (principally in immunosuppressed individuals) and milder diarrheal outbreaks global [4–6]. On the one hand, a limited number of laboratories that possess the ability to determine the serotype. On the other hand, due to the susceptibility to different classes of antimicrobial agents in NOVC isolates, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains uncertain, too [6,7]. However, for the treatment of patients infected with NOVC strains, there are no official suggestions for antibiotic therapy [8,9]. But, fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, or last-line carbapenems have been used in bacteremia and wound infection associated with NOVC [10,11]. With this background, comprehensive and elucidative resistance rate data is essential. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to provide extensive data on the AMR patterns in clinical NOVC isolates across various regions in different periods.
Urinary antigen testing in community-acquired pneumonia in adults: an update
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Diego Viasus, Laura Calatayud, María V. McBrown, Carmen Ardanuy, Jordi Carratalà
CAP is not only associated with high morbidity, but it is also the most common infectious cause of death worldwide. The identification of the causative microorganism of CAP is essential for the adequate use of antibiotics and targeted therapy. The urinary antigen tests have an important role in achieving this aim, due to their rapid results and their high sensitivity and specificity. The latest advances in the development of these tests have improved their sensitivity and specificity and their ability to detect serotypes, thus increasing their epidemiological usefulness. However, antigen detection tests still present important limitations such as the inability to identify other pneumococcus serotypes and other species of Legionella. Finally, adequately designed studies are now needed to evaluate the tests usefulness with regard to clinical outcomes, as well as other issues such as development of antimicrobial resistance or adverse events in CAP.
Related Knowledge Centers
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- Antigen
- Infraspecific Name