Immunopathogenesis and Therapy of Gonadal Disorders and Infertility
George S. Eisenbarth in Immunotherapy of Diabetes and Selected Autoimmune Diseases, 2019
One patient in Irvine’s 1968 study had an ovarian biopsy which demonstrated a lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrate, destruction of developing follicles, and sparing of primordial follicles. Few reported cases of autoimmune oophoritis have included histologic studies of the ovaries. Immunologic characterization of the lymphocytic infiltrate has been performed on only two occasions.15,23 In only one of those instances was nonembedded tissue used for analysis. The lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in that case was confined to developing, cystic, and atretic follicles, sparing primordial follicles. The mononuclear infiltrate included B cells and plasma cells, T cells of both CD4 + (helper) and CD8 + (suppressor-cytotoxic) phenotype, and a small number of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages.
Viruses and Antiviral Agents
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Mumps (Parotitis) is highly infectious and spreads through saliva. The virus probably penetrates the body via the mouth and can be detected in the oral cavity 1–6 days prior to the appearance of swollen salivary glands (especially parotid glands), a symptom that typifies the disease.7 Other symptoms include fever and complications include oophoritis, orchitis, pancreatitis and viral meningitis. Transient hearing loss is a common symptom (approximately 1 in 20), but in extremely rare cases (1 in 20 000) can become permanent. Although the illness can occur at any age, most cases present in children between the ages of 5 and 10. The disease is self-limiting and in most children the symptoms are generally not severe. There is no cure for mumps and therefore treatment is restricted to symptom relief. Clearance of the virus leads to lifelong immunity and immunization with the live virus MMR vaccine between the ages of 12 to 15 months provides a similar level of immunity and protection from subsequent infection.
Chronic Pelvic Pain
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Salpingo-oophoritis can cause chronic pelvic pain, although patients usually present with symptoms and signs of acute or subacute infection before the pain becomes chronic. More commonly, a patient will present with frequent recurrent infections. Sweet and Gibbs (1985) proposed criteria for making the diagnosis of salpingitis on clinical grounds. Patients should have a history of lower abdominal pain as well as lower abdominal tenderness (with or without rebound), cervical motion tenderness, and adnexal tenderness. In addition, they must have one of the following: temperature greater than 38°C, leukocytosis (greater than 10,500 white blood cells per cubic millimeter), culdocentesis fluid containing white cells and bacteria on Gram stain, presence of an inflammatory mass, elevated ESR, a Gram stain from the endocervix revealing Gram-negative intracellular diplococci, or a monoclonal smear from the endocervical secretions revealing chlamydia (Sweet & Gibbs, 1985).
CT in the diagnosis of adnexal torsion: a retrospective study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
Aruna Raman Patil, Shrivalli Nandikoor, Shilpa Chaitanya Reddy
A study by Swenson et al. (2014), comparing the sensitivity and specificity of USG and CT for diagnosis of ovarian torsion concluded that there was no difference in the diagnostic performance of both modalities and that when CT suggests torsion, considering an additional modality like USG actually delays the management rather than providing additional aid. In isolated ovarian torsion without associated mass, asymmetry in the volume of ovaries in patient with acute pelvic pain, torsion has to be considered. Volume difference of 5 ml is significant but not very specific (Ghossain et al. 2006). Asymmetric ovarian volumes are seen in polycystic ovaries, oophoritis and in hyper stimulation syndrome. Oophoritis can be misleading as it presents with pain, shows enlarged oedematous ovary with or without tubal thickening and ascites. It is a close mimicker of ovarian torsion. But the presence of twisted pedicle and associated mass seen on CT should sway the diagnosis towards torsion.
The effects and molecular mechanism of heat stress on spermatogenesis and the mitigation measures
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Yuanyuan Gao, Chen Wang, Kaixian Wang, Chaofan He, Ke Hu, Meng Liang
The mumps virus can cause a range of complications. These include orchitis, oophoritis, encephalitis, and meningitis. Studies have shown that the mumps virus is highly testicular tendentious, inducing a testicular cell immune response, and damaging testicular function. Mumps orchitis is a rare complication, and is mainly seen in post-pubertal males with mumps (Wu et al. 2021). It often occurs in young men and is characterized by headache and fever in the early stages and swelling and pain in the testicles in the later stages. The mumps virus damages testicular tissue and causes substantial edema in testicular tissue. Increased pressure on the seminiferous tubules due to parenchymal edema can lead to necrosis of the seminiferous tubules and atrophy of the spermatogenic epithelium, eventually resulting in testicular atrophy (Yang et al. 2020).
Impact of early surgical management on tubo-ovarian abscesses
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Stephanie Zhu, Emma Ballard, Akram Khalil, David Baartz, Akwasi Amoako, Keisuke Tanaka
This was a retrospective study of all patients who were treated for a TOA at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital between January 2013 and December 2017. A list of patients with ICD diagnoses coded as ‘Chronic salpingitis and oophoritis’, ‘Salpingitis and oophoritis unspecified’ and ‘“Acute salpingitis and oophoritis’ was provided by health information services. The electronic medical records were reviewed to identify patients with a TOA. All patients with TOA were included in the study, and TOA was diagnosed in patients who presented with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and had adnexal masses radiologically indicating a TOA on pelvic ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There were no exclusion criteria. Patient demographics, obstetric, gynaecological and medical histories, vital signs on presentation and investigation findings were collected.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Inflammation
- Ovary
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Salpingitis
- Fallopian Tube