Rhinosinusitis: Definitions, Classification and Diagnosis
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
At the present time CRS is largely subcategorized into cases with polyps (CRSwNPs) and cases without polyps (CRSsNPs). The clinical definition has been outlined above but relates to a heterogeneous group of patients that fall loosely within one of these two subgroups.1 The reason for this coarse subcategorization is the apparent themes within the pathophysiology of these two groups. CRSwNPs is characterized by an intense oedematous stroma in the sinonasal epithelium, with albumin deposition, pseudocyst formation and subepithelial/perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration. It appears to be associated with a typical T-helper 2 cell (TH2) skewed eosinophilic inflammation, with high interleukin (IL-5) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) concentrations in the polyps. By comparison, CRSsNPs is characterized by fibrosis, basement membrane thickening, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial oedema, and mononuclear cell infiltration. It exhibits a T-helper 1 cell (TH1) milieu, with increased levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in inflamed sinus mucosa and low ECP/myeloperoxidase ratios.45 This basic division into the two subgroups does however represent a gross oversimplification of a heterogeneous disease. These categories can therefore be further divided as discussed below (Tables 94.4 and 94.7). The various aetiological mechanisms that have been proposed for CRS are summarized in Figure 94.2.
Pulmonary Fibrosis: Human and Experimental Disease
Marcos Rojkind in Connective Tissue in Health and Disease, 2017
Another early, but interesting result was reported by Davis et al.168 They analyzed the relationship between the number and types of mononuclear cells present in the airspace and interstitium, using a semiquantitative method based on light and electron microscopic studies of lung biopsy samples. Their attempt to find a direct correlation between the intensity of interstitial inflammation and lymphocytes present in the alveolar spaces was not successful. Although patients with greater numbers of lymphocytes tended to have higher scores of interstitial mononuclear cells, there were many exceptions. The authors proposed that the lack of association between the degree of interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration and the percentage of airspace cells suggests that this relationship is not determined by a simple gradient of cell concentrations, but certain stimuli may attract cells and retain them in determined anatomic compartments. Even though a more precise means of quantification is necessary, these results suggest that the proportions and type of cells present in interstitium are different from those in alveolar spaces.
Biology, Biochemistry and Pathophysiology of the Rantes Chemokine
Richard Horuk in Chemoattractant Ligands and Their Receptors, 2020
The expression of RANTES by cells of the kidney has been the focus of several studies. Some renal diseases, including transplant rejection and interstitial nephritis, are characterized by a strong mononuclear cell infiltration of the kidney.11,12,15,16 RANTES is induced as an immediate early gene (2 to 20 hours) in renal tubular epithelial and mesangial cells in vitro.11,12 Heeger and co-workers demonstrated significant accumulation of RANTES following the activation of cultured murine tubular epithelial cells with TNF-α and IL-β, while no effect was reported with TGF-β, γ-IFN, or IL-6 stimulation.11 Mouse mesangial cell lines upregulate RANTES within two hours in response to stimulation with TNF-α or lipopolysac-charide.12
Omega-3 attenuates high fat diet-induced kidney injury of female rats and renal programming of their offsprings
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Asmaa Mohammed Shamseldeen, Mohammed Ali Eshra, Laila Ahmed Rashed, Marwa Fathy Amer, Amal Elham Fares, Samaa Samir Kamar
Serum TNF-α and IL-1β, the biomarkers of inflammation, were inversely associated with the measures of kidney function (Gupta et al.2012). Van der Heijden et al. (2015) reported the establishment of HFD-promoting low-grade chronic inflammation associated with increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, another data reported the existence of direct correlation between TNF-α and blood pressure and the possibility of complete amelioration of essential hypertension development using TNF-α blocker (Venegas-Pont et al.2010). In the present work, mononuclear cell infiltration was noticed. In agreement with Niu (2016) who emphasised that HFD increased expression of profibrotic and proinflammatory gene was associated with cellular infiltration into the renal tissue. Desquamation of tubular epithelium seen in the current study could be attributed to enhanced oxidative DNA damage, renal cell apoptosis and protein glycation induced by HFD (Park et al.2014).
Lichen sclerosus associated with Nd:YAG laser therapy
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2019
Seher Bostanci, Bengu Nisa Akay, Pelin Ertop, Seçil Vural, Aylin Okcu Heper
A 43-years-old woman with color change in genital area was admitted to our clinic. Medical history revealed type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and Hashimoto thyroiditis. The patient had six sessions of whole body laser assisted hair removal with long pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in last 2 years. Lesions had developed 2 weeks after the last session. Dermatological examination revealed perifollicular atrophic depigmented macules on perineum and mons pubis. Figure 1a The shape, size, and location of the lesions correlated with the width of laser probe and treatment area. Patient was Fitzpatrick phototype IV. White clods on multiple white structureless areas and perifollicular hypopigmentation were observed on dermatoscopic examination. Figure 1b Histopathological examination of incisional biopsy specimens from mons pubis revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and loss of rete pegs in epidermis. In upper dermis there was hyalinized zone with increased connective tissue. Mononuclear cell infiltration dispread from upper dermis to middle dermis was observed. Figure 1c With these findings patient was diagnosed with LS. Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies were negative. Antinuclear antibody and nuclear antibody immunoblot tests were also negative. Treatment choice for this patient was tacrolimus monohydrate 0.1 ointment twice daily for 3 months and mometasone furoate cream usp 0.1 once daily for 1 month; 90% clinical response was achieved with this treatment.
Dose- and dosage-dependent spectrum of respiratory toxicity of cypermethrin in rabbits
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Latif Ahmad, Shafia Tahseen Gul, Xiaoxia Du, Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Rafiq Khanani, Shajeela Iram, Aziz Ur Rehman, Ahrar Khan
Basophil-derived IL-4/monocyte–derived interstitial macrophages (IM)/matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) axis reported earlier could be involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema observed in this study (Cohen et al.2018, Shibata et al.2018). The basophils can migrate into inflammation site and release several immunoregulatory cytokines and proinflammatory mediators due to new environment (Schroeder and Bieneman 2017, Schroeder et al.2019). These cytokines act on lung-infiltrating monocytes to promote their differentiation into IM, which produce MMP-12 to destroy alveolar walls and develop emphysema (Zilionis et al.2019). Mononuclear cell infiltration might be due to increased and uncontrolled inflammation, repetitive injury, and individual predisposition.
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