Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
No peripheral blood findings are diagnostic of the disease: Full blood count: anemia, increased monocyte count.Serum calcium: elevated.Serum immunoglobulins: hypergammaglobulinemia.Serum ACE: elevated in about two-thirds of patients, but it is neither sensitive (sensitivity varies from 56% to 86%) nor specific. The false-positive rate in a normal population is about 2–4%. The level of serum ACE can correlate with the severity of the lung disease and the presence or absence of extrathoracic disease – but also with ACE-inhibitor therapy.
Role of Macrophages and Microglia in the Injured CNS
Martin Berry, Ann Logan in CNS Injuries: Cellular Responses and Pharmacological Strategies, 2019
A somewhat more controversial issue concerns the origin and function of ameboid microglia. Specifically, do monocytes give rise to ameboid microglia, and how do they get into the brain? Monocytes are differentiated blood-borne mononuclear cells and members of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). According to the central tenet of the MPS, blood-borne monocytes invade all organs of the body and give rise to tissue-specific macrophages.14 Thus, if one were to regard microglia as tissue-specific macrophages of the CNS, according to the MPS hypothesis there would be continuous replenishment of microglia by monocytes over the lifetime of the organism. However, blood-borne mononuclear cells are normally excluded from the CNS, and invasion of the CNS by mononuclear cells is rarely observed histologically under nonpathological conditions. Moreover, during the perinatal and early postnatal periods when the rodent brain undergoes its most dramatic growth, one would expect to see a massive influx of blood monocytes to account for the large number of microglia that are present in the CNS at that time. Particularly, those white matter regions showing perinatal clusters of monocyte-like ameboid microglia would be expected to show histologic evidence of monocytes migrating through blood vessels which, at this stage, are developing interendothelial junctions.15 This histologic evidence simply does not exist. So if not from monocytes, where do the ameboid microglia come from and why do they collect in clusters?
Histiocytosis and Lipid Storage Diseases
Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass in Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Stem cells Monocytes/macrophages Reactive macrophage histiocytosisMalignant macrophage histiocytosisLangerhans cells/dendritic cells Reactive Langerhans cell histiocytosisMalignant Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Prognostic Value of Systemic Inflammation Score for Esophageal Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Lingfang Shi, Xiufang Wang, Chungen Yan
The good prognostic ability of SIS could be due to the fact that it combines two singular important indicators: LMR and albumin. Separately, both these variables can predict outcomes in cancer patients, but the predictive value of SIS is better than that of individual values [12]. Low albumin levels are related to malnutrition and cachexia and reflect the baseline inflammatory and nutritional levels of the patient [10]. Lymphocyte levels on the other hand represent the innate and adaptive immunity of the cancer patient and have anti-malignancy properties by limiting the multiplication, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells [29]. Higher levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with better outcomes in cancer patients [30]. In contrast, high monocyte counts are associated with the proliferation of cancer, and tumor-monocyte-endothelial interaction has been linked to higher chances of metastasis [31, 32]. Therefore, the combination of albumin, lymphocytes, and monocytes in SIS could result in its better prognostic value in esophageal cancer patients. However, the efficiency of SIS as compared to the established TNM system is still unclear. Additionally, it is not established yet whether combining SIS with TNM will potentially increase the predictability of outcomes. There is a need for further studies on the prognostic value of SIS alone and in combinations with the TNM system to generate evidence on the best prognostic indicators for esophageal cancer.
Increased blood CD226- inflammatory monocytes with low antigen presenting potential correlate positively with severity of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Kang Tang, Yongli Hou, Linfeng Cheng, Yusi Zhang, Juan Li, Qi Qin, Xuyang Zheng, Xiaozhou Jia, Chunmei Zhang, Ran Zhuang, Yun Zhang, Boquan Jin, Lihua Chen, Ying Ma
In our previous study, we found that the higher the plasma HTNV load in the early phase of HFRS, the more severe the disease [9], which indicates that controlling the HTNV load at a lower level in the early stage of HFRS could help alleviate disease severity. Patients with mild/moderate HFRS during the early phase showed stronger HTNV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses with enhanced cytotoxicity, while patients with severe or critical severity tended to have weak T cell responses [10–12], implying that the earlier control of HTNV infection could relieve clinical symptoms of HFRS. In addition, compared with non-pathogenic hantaviruses, pathogenic hantaviruses such as HTNV can inhibit IFN-β production in vascular endothelial cells at an early stage, suggesting that early viral inhibition could alleviate HFRS disease [13,14]. Innate immune responses are the first line of host defence against viral infection and can clear or control the virus at a low level early in infection. Monocytes, important members of the innate immune system, are mainly distributed in the blood and participate in early antiviral immune responses. After viral infection, abnormal monocyte phenotypes are closely associated with the occurrence of clinical diseases [15–17]. The change in blood monocyte phenotypes in HFRS patients during the acute phase may affect the early control of HTNV infection and then affect the condition of HFRS patients.
Correlation of vitamin D receptor genotypes, specific IgE levels and other variables with asthma control in children
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Walid Al-Qerem, Anan Jarab, Yazun Jarrar, Enas Al-Zayadneh, Montaha Al-Iede, Jonathan Ling, Khawla Abu Hammour, Sally S. Alabdullah, Asal Saad Alabdullah, Yamam Al Refaie, Dina Lubbad, Ameen Alassi, Sarah Ibrahim, Mahmood Al-Ibadah, Abdel Qader Al Bawab
The mean number of platelets, WBC and WBC subtypes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) were within the normal range values for the sample participants. In contrast, vitamin D levels were very low compared to the optimal level (>75 mmol/l). Many of the enrolled patients had an abnormal WBC count (15%), for the WBC subtypes, 1.9% had low monocyte count while 4.2% had a high count, more than half of the patients had a high lymphocyte count (55.6%) and 2.6% of them had a low count. Moreover, 30.7% of the patients had high eosinophil count, and 36.7% had high neutrophil count, while only 1.9% had high basophil count. Furthermore, it was reported that 61.7% had high IgE levels and only 0.6% of the patients had an optimal vitamin D level (>75 mmol/L) (Table A2).