Cytokines as Immune System-Cns Mediators: Is Fatigue Mediated by The Cns Effects of Cytokines?
Alan J. Husband in Psychoimmunology CNS-Immune Interactions, 2019
Certain lymphocytes may demonstrate a particular pattern of lymphokine production. In the mouse for example, it has been shown that the helper T cells may be divided into two distinct functional subclasses. TH-1 helper T cells synthesize IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-β, GM-CSF and IL-3. TH-2 helper T cell clones in contrast produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, GM-CSF and IL-3. There is recent evidence that a similar pattern may occur in some human diseases such as leprosy. The division of T cells into functional types may be relevant to the control of the immune response. TH-1 cells, for example, are involved in delayed type hypersensitivity responses since they secrete significant amounts of IFN-γ and lymphotoxin, which promote T cell mediated responses with a minimal activation of B-lymphocytes. In contrast, immune responses involving TH-2 cells are associated with antibody production. In particular IgE and IgGl production are under control of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6.
Inflammation
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia in Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
Several low molecular weight peptides have been characterized to possess chemotactic activity. These include C3a, C5a, and the trimolecular complex C567, which are produced from the activation of the complement cascade by antibody-coated bacteria.435 These factors may be formed by the complement pathway or directly activated by bacterial proteases and breakdown products of collagen, fibrin, or cells.206,398,487 Activation of the Hageman factor and the plasminogen proactivator also produces chemotactic factors.244 Mast cells release a tetrapeptide chemotactic factor with the sequence VAL–GLY–SER–GLU or ALA–GLY–SER–GLU from eosinophils.149,253 The interaction of a specific antigen with T lymphocytes leads to the production of lymphokines. Some of these agents have chemohemotactic activity for lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.387
Immunologic Mechanisms in Renal Disease
Robin S. Goldstein in Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
A role for lymphocytes, and especially T lymphocytes, is suspected in glomerular immune injury although no clear role in producing injury has yet been identified. The infiltration of lymphocytes very early in the development of anti-GBM nephritis has been described (Kreisberg et al., 1979). Bolton et al. (1984) have described a model of anti-GBM nephritis in the chicken mediated by T lymphocytes. This experimental nephritis can be transferred using sensitized lymphocytes (Bolton et al., 1988). Characterization of these cells suggested that they were T lymphocytes (Bolton et al., 1988). Thus, cell-mediated immunity alone, in the absence of antibody, can induce glomerulonephritis. T lymphocytes are able to produce a number of products such as lymphokines which control the immune response. These cytokines could act to stimulate macrophages and recruit other T-cells and B-cells.
Combining the past and present to advance immuno-radiotherapy of cancer
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2023
Ioannis M. Koukourakis, Michael I. Koukourakis
The discovery of interferons in 1957 opened the field for the unveiling of a group of molecules, cytokines, and growth factors, that mediate immune cell communication and activities [25]. Leukocytes, fibroblasts and, also, cancer cells were soon shown to be the source of interferons (IFNs) [26, 27]. Experimental studies subsequently showed that IFNs have antitumor properties [28, 29], opening the field for clinical application of purified and recombinant IFNs in Oncology [30–32]. The biochemical separation of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) [33] and experimental studies that followed, revealed the potent therapeutic potential of this lymphokine that activates proliferation and killing activity of cytotoxic T-cells [34]. Following randomized clinical trials, IFN-α was approved for the treatment of melanomas and lymphomas, and IL-2 for the treatment of renal cancer [35, 36]. However, the overall benefit from cytokine therapy of solid tumors was far smaller than anticipated, and the frustration from immunotherapy attempts was evident in the ‘90s. The interest in tumor immunotherapy, however, had never been ceased, and this was recompensed by the encouraging results obtained during the past ten years from clinical trials with novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, and their approval for clinical use [37].
Immune dysregulation in primary immune thrombocytopenia patients
Published in Hematology, 2018
Jiakui Zhang, Qiuye Zhang, Yingwei Li, Lili Tao, Fan Wu, Yuanyuan Shen, Qianshan Tao, Xuanxuan Xu, Can Wu, Yanjie Ruan, Jiyu Wang, Jeffrey Wang, Yiping Wang, Zhimin Zhai
B cells can produce antiplatelet autoantibodies and cause platelet destruction in ITP patients. Several studies have shown that B cells may be higher in ITP patients than normal individuals [7,18]. As we know, the mechanism behind the production of antigen-specific antibodies by B lymphocytes is controlled by various regulatory agents [19]. The antigen should be recognized by B cells, APCs and CD4 + Th cells first, from which it will undergo proteolytic processes and be subsequently presented to Th cells. Afterwards, the Th cells become activated and secrete lymphokines, which stimulate antigen-specific B cells to produce and secrete antibodies. In our study, there were no significant differences in the number of B cells between our groups. This may due to the complex mechanism behind B cell activation, and the different functions in the subgroups of the B cell line. We will conduct more research into the B cell line subgroups within ITP in the future.
Acetylcholine regulates the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via the CD4+ cells proliferation and differentiation
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Linli Zhou, Xiuli Lin, Xiaomeng Ma, Yingying Liu, Lili Ma, Zhaoyu Chen, Hao Chen, Lei Si, Xiaohong Chen
IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the control of the differentiation and activation of T lymphocytes, which regulates the balance between Th17 and Treg [19]. Deregulated IL-6 production is associated with immune tolerance. IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A are the hallmark cytokines that direct Th1, Th2 and Th17 development, respectively, and play important roles in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE [20,21]. All these cytokines in cerebral cortex from different groups were detected by ELISA. As shown in Figure 3, lymphokines including IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A significantly increased in the Sham + EAE mice compared with the EAE mice (p < 0.001 for IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-4, p < 0.05 for IL-17A). All these four cytokines secretion in cerebral cortex were decreased in Vagotomy + EAE mice versus that in Sham + EAE (p < 0.001 for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-17A).
Related Knowledge Centers
- B Cell
- Interleukin 2
- Interleukin 3
- Interleukin 4
- T Helper Cell
- White Blood Cell
- Lymphocyte
- Cytokine
- T Cell
- Macrophage