The Compromised Host: AIDS and Other Diseases
Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta in Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
Lymphopenia in adults is defined as less than 1000 lymphocytes/mm3 (9). The clinical consequences of lymphopenia depend on which subsets are affected; regardless of the total lymphocyte count, severe infections of various types may occur if profound deficiencies of either B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes are present. Substantial reductions in helper T lymphocytes have particularly important consequences in terms of susceptibility to protozoan and helminthic infection. The most common causes of lymphopenia are hematological malignancies, corticosteroid therapy, antilymphocyte globulines, cytotoxic drugs, and infection with certain viruses such as cytomegalovirus and HIV. Congenital lymphopenias can also have severe consequences.
Chronic Exercise and Immunity
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Natural killer cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and a major constituent of the innate immune system. They protect against certain tumors and virally infected cells by releasing granules containing proteases and porins that induce apoptosis in the target cell. Yan et al. reported that the proportion of NK cells (CD16+CD56+) in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was higher in older subjects who exercised regularly than those who did not,26 but the NK activity against K562 target cells was not different between these subject groups. Further, there were no differences in either NK cell number or activity between exercisers and non-exercisers in the young and middle-aged groups. In another study, there were no differences in the expression of NKG2D or NKG2A receptors, but young athletes had a greater NK cell activation and degranulation in response to cells from the K562 and .221 cell lines, though not .221-AEH, when compared with young non-athletes.27
The eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Kathleen M Berg, Dermot J Hurley, James A McSherry, Nancy E Strange, ‘Rose’ in Eating Disorders, 2018
Blood work may be done to assess the visceral protein compartment. The three tests that may be used include serum albumin, serum transferrin and total lymphocyte count. Serum albumin as a parameter to assess serum protein status is directly quantified as part of the routine blood work. Normal levels of serum albumin range from 3.5-5 g/dl. Serum transferrin is a protein produced in the liver, that is assessed to determine visceral protein function. It is considered a more sensitive indicator of protein-calorie malnutrition than serum albumin (Miller Kovach, 1982). Normal levels of serum transferrin range from 2.31 to 4.32 g/1. Total lymphocyte count is used to measure immune function. Total lymphocyte counts of less than 2000/cu mm correlate well with the depressed immune function found in protein-calorie malnutrition.
Early orbital involvement in a rare diagnosis of Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Farhan Azad, Clive Jude Miranda, Jiahua Zhang, Matthew Gravina
Lymphomas are a malignant proliferation of lymphocytes, subclassified as Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the former presenting as nodal disease and the latter with some predilection for extranodal sites.1 Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma associated with chromosomal translocations that cause overexpression of the oncogene c-myc. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies BL into three variants: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency related. Endemic is associated with Epstein-Barr virus and malaria, while immunodeficiency related is typically associated with HIV.2 Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration (BLL-11q) is an entity defined by WHO in 2016. It resembles BL phenotypically, morphologically, and by gene expression profiling but lacks the MYC rearrangements. It is defined by proximal gains and telomeric losses of chromosome 11q.3 Compared to BL, BLL-11q has more complex karyotypes and a degree of cytological pleomorphism. The clinical course is similar to BL, and the number of reported cases is limited.4
Determining the effectiveness of the immature granulocyte percentage and systemic immune-inflammation index in predicting acute pyelonephritis
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Deniz Karakaya, Tülin Güngör, Evrim Kargın Cakıcı, Fatma Yazılıtaş, Evra Celikkaya, Mehmet Bulbul
The patients’ demographic data (age and gender), clinical features, IG percentage, CRP values, and platelet (PLT), neutrophil, lymphocyte, and WBC counts were recorded. In addition, patients were evaluated for the presence of underlying urological anomalies using imaging methods (i.e. ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography). ANC, lymphocyte count, and platelet levels in the peripheral blood were used to calculate the NLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and SII. The NLR and PLR were defined as the total neutrophil and platelet counts divided by the total lymphocyte count. The SII was calculated using the following formula: SII = (Platelet x Neutrophil)/Lymphocyte. Tests obtained with automated hematological analyzers from the complete blood count (CBC) included WBC count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, IG percentage .The IG percentage was analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. The IG percentage shows the proportion of cells with a relatively high RNA/DNA ratio relative to the neutrophils. This group primarily consists of promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes [14]. A particularly attractive aspect of the IG test is its ease of use, as its values are obtained automatically using a routine hematology analyzer without the need for any additional evaluation devices or associated costs.
Impact of Radiation Therapy on Biological Parameters in Cancer Patients: Sub-analysis from the RIT Prospective Epidemiological Study
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2023
Nicolas Magné, Elisabeth Daguenet, Wafa Bouleftour, Laurine Conraux, Fabien Tinquaut, Kevin Grangeon, Pablo Moreno-Acosta, Jean-Philippe Suchaud, Chloé Rancoule, Jean-Baptiste Guy
This study showed a lymphopenia-related to RT, which never recovered to baseline lymphocyte levels. Indeed, lymphocytes have been described as the most sensitive cells to radiation in the hematopoietic system (38). The analysis of the hematological inflammatory indicators and their ability to serve as possible prognostic factors have been investigated in several malignant tumors. These have suggested that mainly lymphocytes interplay in controlling tumor growth via secreting cytokines such as interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, low lymphocyte counts may reflect the impaired host immunosurveillance, which might lead to a poor prognosis. Indeed, a recent meta-analysis concluded that radiation induced lymphopenia decreased the overall survival and promoted the progression of head and neck cancer patients (39). Further investigations are therefore needed to evaluate lymphopenia-related RT and the prognosis of solid tumors.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adaptive Immune System
- Antibody
- B Cell
- Humoral Immunity
- Innate Lymphoid Cell
- Natural Killer Cell
- White Blood Cell
- Immune System
- T Cell
- Cell-Mediated Immunity