The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Along with red blood cells, the bone marrow also produces white blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes (leuko- = white) because they lack hemoglobin and its red color. Some leukocytes, however, are formed in the lymphatic system rather than bone marrow. Leukocytes differ from erythrocytes in two major ways—they have a nucleus, and they serve mainly to defend the body from invading organisms and other substances. Leukocytes can be divided into three main types: granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Granulocytes evolve from myeloblasts (myelo- = marrow) in the bone marrow, while lymphocytes and monocytes are formed in lymphatic tissue.
Lymphology and the Lymphatic System
Waldemar L. Olszewski in Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
The title of this book is Lymph Stasis. This means its chapters will cover problems of impaired lymph circulation. What is lymph? The answer may be short, as can be found in most textbooks of physiology, but it may also be long if one closely watches this peculiar fluid. Lymph is an integral component of the lymphatic system. It has been studied for almost four centuries with rather limited success; eventually it became the subject of a new medical science which was coined lymphology. Not until the 1950s did lymphology begin to expand rapidly; this was due to developments in transplantation and oncology. But even so, it still remains poorly defined. What is lymphology? This chapter will introduce the reader into the realm of lymph, lymphatics, and lymphoid tissue and in this way help him to understand the complex problems of lymph stasis. Needless to say this study is very important. Several million people around the world suffer from lymphedema. This neglected condition needs intensive basic studies to enable clinicians to rationally treat their lymphedema patients.
Myths and Facts About Blood and Stem Cells
Tariq I Mughal, John M Goldman, Sabena T Mughal in Understanding Leukemias, Lymphomas, and Myelomas, 2017
The lymphatic system is essentially made up of the lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid tissue. There are two principal types of lymphoid tissue. central (bone marrow and thymus) and peripheral (blood, spleen, lymph node, and mucosa-associated, such as the “skin” lining of the gut). The lymphocytes are the principal cells found in the lymphatic system, which is essentially composed of about 600 lymph nodes that are distributed widely in the body and are connected by an extensive network of lymphatic vessels. These lymphatic vessels contain lymph, a milky fluid, in which the lymphocytes are suspended. The smaller lymphatic vessels drain into larger lymphatic vessels, which empty into blood vessels, thereby allowing the circulating lymphocytes to return to the blood and bone marrow.
Lymphatic targeting for therapeutic application using nanoparticulate systems
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Nidhi Singh, Mayank Handa, Vanshikha Singh, Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Shukla
The lymphatic system was first recognised by Gasparo Aselli in the seventeenth century as per ancient text reports. It was later in the eighteenth century when various aspects of lymphatic system including its anatomy, got its attention and significance. Vascular system is further compartmentalised into lymphatic system that encompass different convoluted web of channels and hold a clear liquid termed lymph. Lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic duct, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessel and some lymphatic organs including spleen and lymph node. Lymphatic vessels carry a clear watery fluid lymph, and white blood cells. Furthermore, lymphatic system is widely distributed in other parts of body in the form of lymph nodes, which is present in the neck, chest, armpit, groyne, abdomen. Lymphatic system maintains homeostasis and protection of the body tissues against different bacterial and viral infection by the mechanism of filtration. The lymphatic system not only filters the elements from lymph but avoid the first-pass hepatic metabolism of drugs directly via intestinal uptake [1]. This property plays an important role in tissue defense against infections by promoting the lymphocytic activity which in turn provides immunity or resistance. As mentioned, one of the major roles of the lymphatic system is to maintain water homeostasis in the body by recurring fluids present outside the body and oozing out into the blood circulation. It also enhances the absorption of antibiotics, water-insoluble vitamins, long-chain fatty acid and cholesterol ester.
The tumor microenvironment and triple-negative breast cancer aggressiveness: shedding light on mechanisms and targeting
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Natsuki Furukawa, Vered Stearns, Cesar A. Santa-Maria, Aleksander S. Popel
The physiological roles of the lymphatic system are to collect interstitial fluid from tissues, absorb lipids from the digestive system, and immune surveillance. In the TME, cancer cells release growth factors and cytokines such as VEGF-C to induce lymphangiogenesis. As a result, TNBC cells may invade these lymphatic vessels, migrate to the lymph node, and eventually exit the lymphatic system to enter the venous system. Disseminated TNBC cells may reach and metastasize to organs such as lung, bone, liver, and brain via the circulatory system [144]. During the invasion process, cancer cells remodel the lymphatic endothelial cells to facilitate invasion. Lee et al. demonstrated that TNBC cells induced expression of CCL5 from lymphatic endothelial cells. CCL5 recruited CCR5-positive TNBC cells to lymphatic vessels and facilitated invasion of the lymph nodes [145]. Other chemokine signaling pathways known to recruit TNBC cells to the lymphatic vessel are CCL21/CCR7, CXCL12/CXCR4, and CCL27/CCR10 [146].
Acute hazard assessment of silver nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation, oral and intravenous injection exposures
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Ali Kermanizadeh, Nicklas R. Jacobsen, Agnieszka Mroczko, David Brown, Vicki Stone
Silver (Ag) NPs are used in various applications which include but are not limited to additives to textiles and plastics, in water filters and disinfectants, as health supplements, health care devices as well as routinely being utilized in food preservation and packaging fundamentally due their inherent anti-microbial properties (Ahamed, Al Salhi, and Siddiqui 2010; Radwan et al. 2021). Therefore, there is very likely scenario for these particles to be ingested by consumers and reach the GIT or be inhaled during the manufacturing process (Geiser and Kreyling 2010; Kermanizadeh et al. 2015). It is believed that once in the submucosal tissue, certain particulates are able to enter the lymphatic system and the bloodstream. As touched upon nanomedicines can be deliberately introduced into the body via injection hence direct entry of NPs into the circulatory system (Kermanizadeh, Jacobsen, et al. 2020; Lagopati et al. 2021). The presence of these NPs in the blood will result in direct distribution to a wide range of target organs, including the liver, kidneys and spleen (Geraets et al. 2014; Hadrup and Lam 2014; Hadrup, Sharma, et al. 2020). Crucially, it is widely demonstrated that the liver has significance with regards to NPs accumulating in the organ following IV exposure compared to other organs (Kermanizadeh et al. 2015; Lipka et al. 2010). Alongside the kidneys, the liver might be responsible for the clearance of NPs from the blood (Geiser and Kreyling 2010; Semmler-Behnke et al. 2008).