Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Eye
David W. Hobson in Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
In addition to its role in the control of light entering the posterior portions of the eye, the iris also actively participates in inflammation. Inflammation of the iris is termed iritis, but if the inflammation involves both the iris and the ciliary body it is termed iridocyclitis, or more commonly anterior uveitis. Because of its vascular nature, the iris is very sensitive to systemic toxins and infectious agents. In addition, a reflex pathway is present that results in inflammation of the anterior uveal tissue when the sensory innervation of the cornea, via the fifth cranial nerve, is stimulated. It is for this reason that animals with severe corneal disease often have a concomitant anterior uveitis. Also, when ulcerated, the cornea may allow passage of exotoxins into the anterior chamber, or alter the aqueous humor pH or oxygenation and result in inflammation. The clinical signs of inflammation are miosis, ocular hyperemia, increased protein, and cells in the aqueous humor, photophobia, and either an increase and/or a decrease in the intraocular pressure, depending on the species involved and the duration of the inflammation.
Ocular Rosacea (Subtype 4)
Frank C. Powell, Jonathan Wilkin in Rosacea: Diagnosis and Management, 2008
The structure of the normal eyelid is shown in Figure 2. It is composed of cutaneous, muscular, tarsal, and conjunctival layers. The tarsal layer is made up of dense fibrous connective tissue that contains the modified sebaceous (meibomian) glands. These glands are commonly dysfunctional in patients with rosacea. The ocular disorders seen in patients with rosacea may affect any of the following sections of the eye or related structures: The margins of the eyelids (blepharitis/conical dandruff/telangiectasias of lid margins).The conjunctiva (conjunctivitis/conjunctival injection/conjunctival overgrowth).The glands of Zeiss (hordeolum externum).The meibomian glands (reduced tear breakup time/thickened secretions/plugged “capped” orifices/chalazion/hordeolum internum/).The lacrimal glands (reduced aqueous tear secretion).The cornea (punctuate epithelial erosions/keratitis/perforation). Sclera (scleritis/episcleritis) the uvea (uveitis).Iris (iritis).
Sensory organs
Aida Lai in Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Iritis Inflammation of irisCauses: – ankylosing spondylitis (AS)– syphilis– HSV– traumaSymptoms: – reduced visual acuityComplications: – cataractsManagement: – topical steroids
Coexisting Phacoanaphylaxis and Choroidal Melanoma: An Unusual Intraocular Inflammation
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Lei-Chi Wang, Jonathan W. Kim, Narsing A. Rao
The term “endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica” for lens-induced intraocular inflammation was introduced in 1922 by Verhoeff and Lemoine.1 Phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis or lens-induced uveitis is a relatively rare disorder, accounting for less than 1% of the cases in most uveitis series.2–4 Studies suggest that this entity may be explained in part by loss of immunologic tolerance to lens proteins after disruption of the lens capsule.5,6 The inflammation can vary from a mild iritis to a fulminant endophthalmitis and involves mostly, but is not limited to the anterior segment of the eye. Most cases occurred after trauma, either surgical or non-surgical.7 However, Chishti and Henkind reported a case in which there was a spontaneous capsular rupture in the absence of surgery or trauma.8
Complications of Uveitis: The Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
David C. Gritz, Eric J. Schwaber, Ira G. Wong
The inclusion criteria were: Signs of intraocular inflammation were seen at examination and were documented in the medical record.The medical record had no documentation relating the intraocular inflammation to acute traumatic iritis, nor secondary inflammation from a bacterial or fungal infection of the cornea or sclera or filtering bleb, nor postoperative infections such as endophthalmitis.Iritis occurred or continued for over 1 year after intraocular surgery and did not remain quiescent without medications within 2 years after surgery, and there was no evidence that the inflammation was due to chronic endophthalmitis.Clinically significant iritis was present as part of keratouveitis due to either herpes simplex or herpes zoster (keratouveitis).
Report of Four Cases of Endogenous Klebsiella Pneumoniae Endophthalmitis Originated from Liver Abscess with Eye Complaints as the Initial Presentations
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Jun Zhu, Fang Chen, Zhenggao Xie
A 33-year-old male was transferred to our hospital with right eye pain and decreased eyesight for 3 days. One week earlier, he had symptoms of common cold with fatigue, but no fever. The local hospital diagnosed him with iritis. The patient had been diabetic for 3 years, with no history of surgery or trauma. On arrival, the vision in his right eye was LP. Ophthalmic examinations revealed a 1.5 mm hypopyon in the anterior chamber, and vitreous opacity, which blocked the view to the fundus. Ultrasonography revealed a hyperechoic mass in the vitreous and retinal detachment. A diagnosis of right eye EE was made and we performed IVAI and systemic antibiotics. On the third day of hospitalization, the patient developed high fever with chills, the laboratory test showed increased blood glucose of 31 mmol/L. Abdominal CT revealed low-density lesions in the right lobe of the liver with a clear margin, chest CT showed multiple round lesions in the right lung with bilateral pleural effusion. Infection was highly suspected. Considering that patient had liver abscess, sepsis, and hyperglycemic, we transferred him to the endocrine department for glucose control and systemic anti-infection treatment. Two weeks later, his general conditions improved but hypopyon and vitreous abscess worsened. His VA was LP. As the prognosis is poor even with PPV, the patient decided to have evisceration instead. The patient realized a poor prognosis was inevitable, and insisted on undergoing evisceration rather than PPV. Cultures of blood and vitreous humor were positive for klebsiella pneumoniae.