Basic science, investigations and lasers
Mostafa Khalil, Omar Kouli in The Duke Elder Exam of Ophthalmology, 2019
Interleukins (ILs) mediate communication between different cells and are important in regulating immune responses. There are various types of IL; key examples are: IL-1: Induces immune responses and causes feverIL-2: Proliferation of T and B cellsIL-5: Regulates growth and activation of eosinophilsIL-6: Involved in differentiation of B cells and production of c-reactive protein (CRP); causes feverIL-8: Attracts neutrophils, T cells, basophils and eosinophilsIL-10: Suppresses immune cellsIL-12: Differentiates T cells into TH1 and enhances cytotoxicity
Long-Term Exercise and Immune Functions
Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger in Exercise and Disease, 2020
The cooperation between a series of interleukins, or soluble communication molecules, is now known to be essential for the development of the populations of cells and the differentiation of these cells to provide for the specific immune response. The interleukins, to some degree, function in what may be termed the interleukin cascade. The first interleukin of this cascade is interleukin 1 (IL1), which is now known to exist in two closely related forms. These have been termed ILl-α and ILl-β.132 The final biological outcome of these two forms of IL1 appears to be similar although they may have access to different cell populations. There are strong but by no means universal views at present that IL1β acts as a soluble mediator while ILl-α remains mostly cell associated.132 It is now clear that IL1 is produced by a wide array of cells, but the most potent source appears to be the antigen presenting cell (APC), a macrophage, as it is induced to process antigen to provide the immunogen for MHC II restricted specific immune responses.17,132 IL1 then stimulates T-lymphocytes to synthesize both the next interleukin (IL2) of the cascade, IL1 and IL2 receptors, and to upregulate the production of MHC class II antigens on the lymphocytes committed to the antigen. Further, interleukins of the cascade are then initiated, along with other lymphokines such as interferon ¥ (IFN¥) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Table 2).
Psychoneuroimmunology
Deborah Fish Ragin in Health Psychology, 2017
We briefly dissected the immune system to explain how it functions. Now, putting it back together we find that we have two primary components of the immune system: natural immunity and acquired immunity. We also have a subdivision of the acquired immune system, which includes humoral and cell mediated immunity. Natural immunity is readily visible in the form of skin, saliva, mucus, and other elements. It is the body’s first line of defense. Less visible to the naked eye, however, is acquired immunity. The acquired system includes a number of organs, cells and non-cell components. In this system are five types of lymphocytes that serve as the “security patrol” for the body. Included among the lymphocytes are the B lymphocytes that can be either specially programed cells that attach a specific microorganism or “memory” cells that aid the immune system by recognizing foreign microorganisms. The T lymphocytes can be T(C) cells that function as warriors, attacking and killing the foreign viruses. They can also be T (H) cells that help stimulate other cells, specifically B-memory and T(C) cells, to perform their respective jobs. Finally, T lymphocytes can be T(S) cells that slow the immune system after activation. T cells also produce cytokines, proteins that affect the communication between cells and regulate immune system response. Cytokines are part of the cell mediated immunity. The cytokines, in turn produce interleukins, which also play a special role in regulating the immune system.
Examining the correlation between salivary cytokine concentrations and CRP in people experiencing social-cognitive stress
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Eric Chun Pu Chu, Anastasiya Spaska, Dimitar Monov, Mikhail Kasatkin, Natalia Stroiteleva
Interleukins are a group of cytokines produced by leucocytes, macrophages, and other tissue cells. Interleukins are part of the immune system. Increase in cytokines in the human body indicates the development of an inflammatory process or a certain infection. Considering the fact that cytokines are not specific, their content alone cannot be used to make a diagnosis. Medical history, physical examinations, and other tests are also required [19]. Recently, it was found that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β и TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) play an important role in modulating pain threshold, and they may contribute to the sensitization of trigeminal nerve fibers [20,21]. However, no studies have investigated a possible correlation between CGRP and cytokine levels during headache attacks.
Effects of a spice-blended honey muffin on salivary inflammation markers in adults with obesity: a feasibility trial
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Sofia Acevedo, Jeanette M. Andrade
Obesity is associated with high levels of inflammation which can be measured through interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Interleukins are a group of cytokines mainly expressed by leukocytes in the inflammation pathway [3]. IL-6 is a specific type of interleukin receptor and a relevant biomarker for metabolic, regenerative, and neural inflammation processes [4]. Commonly, IL-6 is measured through plasma or serum, however, IL-6 can also be measured through saliva. Measuring IL-6 through saliva is valid and may be a simpler and affordable way to detect inflammation [5]. CRP is an acute phase protein whose production is stimulated by IL-6 and secreted by the liver [6,7]. Elevated CRP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality risk in those with chronic kidney disease as well as those suffering from comorbidities related to inflammation [6,8]. CRP has strong proinflammatory activity and during inflammation it binds to damaged and necrotic cells, promoting phagocytosis and helping maintain inflammation [6–8]. Just like IL-6, CRP can be measured through saliva, which allows for inexpensive testing [5].
Blood biomarkers for assessment of mild traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Matthew I. Hiskens, Anthony G. Schneiders, Mariana Angoa-Pérez, Rebecca K. Vella, Andrew S. Fenning
Interleukins are a large group of cytokines that display immune function roles in the cell. TNF-α is a major signalling interleukin in neuroinflammatory conditions released from neurons, astrocytes, cerebral endothelial cells, and microglia (Klintworth et al.2009). Low levels of TNF-α are always present in tissue and maintained within a tight range under normal conditions, with deviations outside of this range being pathological (Ignatowski and Spengler 1994). Injury and the resultant immune response triggers TNF-α synthesis (Montgomery and Bowers 2012), with models of TBI showing increased levels at the site of the injury (Schmidt et al.2004) and increased mRNA expression after mTBI (Rooker et al.2006). TNF-α has been extensively investigated in moderate and severe TBI, but only recently has this also been done in mTBI. In a study of children who experienced concussion, there was a significant increase in TNF-α expression in the immediate days following injury in those with persisting symptoms compared with normal recovery, while levels of IL-6, IL-10, tau, enolase, S100B, and GFAP were not influenced (Parkin et al.2019).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cell Signaling
- Genome
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- White Blood Cell
- Immune System
- Autoimmune Disease
- Cytokine
- Rare Disease
- Immunodeficiency